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Fissipedia and Pinnipedia (Carnivores)

Fissipedia and Pinnipedia (Carnivores). Are they monophyletic?. Pailinrut Chinwangso Bioinformatics for Biologists Fall 2009. Classification. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order Carnivora

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Fissipedia and Pinnipedia (Carnivores)

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  1. Fissipedia and Pinnipedia(Carnivores) Are they monophyletic? Pailinrut Chinwangso Bioinformatics for Biologists Fall 2009

  2. Classification http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order Carnivora (flesh-eating mammal) Over 270 species of placental mammals; the most diverse in size of any mammalian order. Living in almost any habitat; most are land animals, some spend much of their lives in water (otter) and ~ 30 species are marine. Some are almost completely carnivorous (cats, weasels). Others are more omnivorous (bears). The giant panda is almost exclusively a herbivore. Evolved in North America out of members of the family Miacidae ~42 MYA; soon split into catlike and doglike forms.

  3. Carnivora OLD (Anatomy and behavior) Suborders: • Fissipedia (terrestrial) Felidae, Viverridae Hyaenidae, Herpestidae Mephitidae, Canidae Procyonidae, Mustelidae Ursidae • Pinnipedia (aquatic) Otariidae, Odobenidae Phocidae Modern Suborders: • Feliformia (cat-like) Felidae, Viverridae Hyaenidae, Herpestidae • Caniformia (dog-like) Mephitidae, Canidae Procyonidae, Mustelidae Ursidae Otariidae, Odobenidae Phocidae

  4. Fissipedia (Terrestrial carnivores) http://tolweb.org/Carnivora/15971 Claw-footed animals Family Canidae (dog) Procyonidae (raccoon) Mustelidae (badger, otter) Ursidae (bear) Mephitidae (skunk) Herpestidae (mongoose) Felidae (cat) Viverridae (civet) Hyaenidae (hyena)

  5. Fissipedia (Terrestrial carnivores) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear Land-living animals ranging in size from tiny weasels to huge bears. Contain the divided foot with four or more digits. Develop the structure of scissor-like teeth (carnassials) and claws for catching and eating other animals. Include carnivores, omnivores (bears and raccoons) and even a few herbivorous species (giant panda).

  6. Fissipedia (Terrestrial carnivores) http://www.uwyo.edu/dbmcd/molmark/lect11/Cheetah.jpg http://www.vulkaner.no/n/anim/pics/arctosarctos.jpg Most have highly-developed senses, especially vision and hearing. Excellent runners: some long-distance runners, but more commonly sprinters.

  7. Pinnipedia (Semi-aquatic carnivores) http://tolweb.org/Carnivora/15971 Fin-footed animals Family Otariidae (sea lion, fur seal) Phocidae (true seal) Odobenidae (walrus)

  8. Pinnipedia (Semi-aquatic carnivores) • Evolved from terrestrial carnivores; display many adaptations to aquatic environment. • Live only in rich marine environments and a few inland or tropical freshwater systems; mostly stay in water but spend some time on land or ice (to reproduce or rest). • Worldwide distribution: polar to temperate coastal habitats. • Have relatively large, oval-shaped bodies with short fur and thick layer of insulating blubber to retain heat in cold water. • Digits are not separate, but connected by a thick web forming flippers; the forelimbs and hindlimbs are transformed into paddles for swimming and diving.

  9. Pinnipedia (Semi-aquatic carnivores) http://www.underwater.com.au/content/6646/seal.jpg Have more blood (per weight) than most other mammals to keep them well-supplied with oxygen during long underwater dives. Slit-like nostrils can be closed underwater and the external ears are small or entirely absent. All are carnivorous and live on fish, crustaceans, bird, and other marine creatures.

  10. Previous phylogenetic studies • The evolution of life histories • Color patterns • Brain, body, and skull size • Home-range size • Energetics and physiology • Social organization • Molecular information • nuclear genomes + mitochondrial genomes Current phylogenetic view • Fissipedia are a paraphyletic clustering of taxa, some of which are more closely related to Pinnipedia than to other Fissipedia since pinnipeds evolved from and arctoid (bear-like) land-living ancestor. • Pinnipedia are monophyletic.

  11. The first complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora • Using a supertree building technique MRP: Matrix Representation using Parsimony Analysis • The data sets were analyzed individually and the resultant trees were combined using consensus techniques. • Data from 177 literature sources over 25 years • (1970-1995) Bininda-Emonds and Gittleman. Evolutions (2000)

  12. Phylogenetic relationships indicated by two nuclear DNA genes • Sequences of two nuclear DNA genes: IRBP & TTR from 37 living species • CLUSTAL X for multiple alignments; MEGA for pairwise divergences • Maximum Parsimony (MP) with 1000 bootstrap replicates Yu et al. Mol Phylogenet Evol. (2004)

  13. Phylogeny of the caniformCarnivora: evidence from multiple genes • CLUSTAL X; MEGA. • Weighted MP analyses (1000 bootstrap replicates) of combined 4 nuclear genes (IRBP, TTR, β-fibrinogen introns 4 and 7) and a mt gene (mtND2). • Ailurus fulgens (Red Panda) was closely related to the Musteloidea clade, and pinnipeds were the sister lineage to them. • Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant Panda) was the most basal member within family Ursidae. Yu and Zhang. Genetica (2006)

  14. Mitogenomic analyses • Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of the concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 mt protein-coding genes (3601 aa) • The basal carnivoran split between Feliformia and Caniformia was supported. • The analyses favored a sister group relationship between Pinnipedia and Musteloidea to the exclusion of Ursidae. Arnason et al. Mol Phylogenet Evol. (2007)

  15. Questions remain? What is a real classification for the red panda? Is it actually a member in its own family (Ailuridae)? Is the red panda actually more closely related to otter (aquatic carnivore) than giant panda? Why aren’t otters more closely related to seals (both aquatic carnivores) than to skunk (land-living)? What made them different? How exactly the various carnivores are interrelated?

  16. Literature sources Arnason U., Gullberg A., Janke A., and Kullberg M., 2007. Mitogenomic analyses of caniform relationships. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 45: 863-874. Bininda-Emonds O.R.P. and Gittleman J.L., 2000. Are pinnipeds functionally different from fissiped carnivores? The importance of phylogenetic comparative analyses. Evolution. 54(3): 1011-1023. Bininda-Emonds O.R.P., Gittleman J.L., and Purvis A., 1999. Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biol Rev. 74: 143-175. Yu L., Li Q-w., Ryder O.A., and Zhang Y-p., 2004. Phylogenetic relationships within mammalian order Carnivora indicated by sequences of two nuclear DNA genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 33: 694-705. Yu L. and Zhang Y-p., 2006. Phylogeny of the caniform carnivora: evidence from multiple genes. Genetica. 127: 65-79.

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