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“Peace ” After WWI. Unit 5 Chapter 28. The Big Four. The Big Four. Woodrow Wilson – U.S. Focused on preventing future wars Wanted self-determination. The Big Four. Georges Clemenceau – France Determined to prevent any future German invasions Wanted Lorraine back. The Big Four.
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“Peace” After WWI Unit 5Chapter 28
The Big Four • Woodrow Wilson – U.S. • Focused on preventing future wars • Wanted self-determination
The Big Four • Georges Clemenceau – France • Determined to prevent any future German invasions • Wanted Lorraine back
The Big Four • David Lloyd George – Great Britain • Wanted to make Germany “pay”
The Big Four • Vittorio Orlando – Italy • Wanted control of Austrian territory because Italians lived there—but essentially ignored!
British Foreign Secretary Balfour • “…three all-powerful, all-ignorant men, sitting there and carving up continents.”
Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Plan for world peace • Presented to Congress before war ended • Designed to prevent future world wars
Fourteen Points • No secret treaties between nations • Agree to freedom of the seas • Free trade (eliminate tariffs) • Agree to reduce arms • Countries that control colonies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples
Fourteen Points • # 6-13 dealt with boundary changes • suggested that areas that had distinct ethnic identities should be able to form their own nation or decide which nation they should belong • Russia free Eastern European areas • Belgium should be freely restored • Areas on Balkan Peninsula free to form countries • Turkish people free to form own countries
Fourteen Points • Creation of the League of Nations • International peace-keeping body • Address issues diplomatically
Treaty of Versailles • June 28, 1919 • Big Four met to create treaty • Did not permit central power representatives to participate • Did not allow Russia to participate because they had turned Communist • Other “3” did not like Wilson’s points, so he conceded most in return for establishing the League of Nations
Provisions of Treaty • Created the League of Nations • Redrew the map of Europe • Created 9 new nations • Redrew boundaries • France recovered Lorraine • Britain obtained new territory from Germany in Africa & Middle East • Germany had to take full responsibility for the war—”war guilt clause” • Barred from maintaining an air force; permitted small army & navy for defense only • Required to pay reparations to Allies • Had to give up all colonial claims
Mandate System colonial rulers would administer the new territories but would be accountable to the League of Nations for the “material & moral well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants”
Class C Mandates Class B Mandates • larger but still undeveloped; were to be ruled for the benefit of their inhabitants under League of Nations supervision; they would get autonomy at an unspecified time • most of Germany’s African colonies fell into this category territories with small populations would be treated as colonies this applied to smaller islands in the Pacific & smaller territories in Africa
Class A Mandates • territories that had “reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to the rendering of administrative advise and assistance by a Mandatory, until such time as they are able to stand alone” • mainly applied to the old Ottoman Empire • Arab peoples saw this as a promise of independence • Palestine (Israel), Transjordan (Jordan), and Iraq became British mandates • France claimed Syria & Lebanon
League of Nations Mandates in Africa l Losses: 1919-1921
Consider: • How fair was this treaty? • Which nations would have been pleased with the outcome? • Remember, this treaty was designed to “prevent” a future war!
The Treaty’s Weaknesses • Unfair humiliation of Germany • War-guilt clause • No way Germany could pay the reparations • Russia had fought for 3 years & had higher casualties than any other country; yet the treaty took more land from Russia than from any other nation, including Germany!
Small child under a canopy of the treaty • Above child’s head reads “1940 class” • How old would a child born in 1919 be in 1940? • What is the cartoonist suggesting about the treaty?
U.S. Opposition to the Treaty • Wanted to return to isolationism • Wilson could not convince Congress to approve the treaty • Had a stroke and could not rally support by the time of the vote
Not the “War to End All Wars” • Physical and financial destruction of Europe • Massive loss of life • Unresolved issues • Treaty of Versailles unfair • Germany specifically in shambles looking for someone to unite them • Who could that be?
