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Early Adolescent Peer Foundations of Late Adolescent and Young Adult Psychological Adjustment

Early Adolescent Peer Foundations of Late Adolescent and Young Adult Psychological Adjustment. Joanna M. Chango Joseph P. Allen, Ph.D David Szwedo Megan Schad Copies of this and related papers are available at: WWW.TEENRESEARCH.ORG. Self Determination Theory. Competence. Autonomy.

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Early Adolescent Peer Foundations of Late Adolescent and Young Adult Psychological Adjustment

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  1. Early Adolescent Peer Foundations of Late Adolescent and Young Adult Psychological Adjustment Joanna M. Chango Joseph P. Allen, Ph.D David Szwedo Megan Schad Copies of this and related papers are available at:WWW.TEENRESEARCH.ORG

  2. Self Determination Theory Competence Autonomy Relatedness Positive Self- Motivation and Personality Development

  3. Self Determination Theory Competence Autonomy Relatedness Positive Self- Motivation and Personality Development

  4. Autonomy and Relatedness • Related to range of positive adolescent outcomes: • High self esteem • Ego development • Attachment security • Lack of depressive symptoms • Closer friendships, higher social acceptance • Highly correlated, combination is most important

  5. Peer Relationships in Adolescence

  6. Overarching Question • What are the long-term consequences of failing to establish autonomy and relatedness in early adolescent close friendships?

  7. Depression and Peer Relationships • Depression linked to broad markers of problematic peer relationships: • Peer rejection • Lack of popularity • Lack of interpersonal support • Undermining relatedness with peers linked with increases in depressive symptoms over short term in early adolescence

  8. Social Withdrawal and Peer Relationships • Peer difficulties also related to child and adolescent social withdrawal • Social withdrawal show powerful links to long-term psychological and health outcomes • Loneliness • Cardiovascular disease • Earl mortality

  9. Intervening experiences? • Social support found to mediate the link between stress and depressive affect • Friendship quantity and quality found to mediate the link between peer acceptance and loneliness and depression

  10. Research questions • How does a lack of autonomy and connection predict close friendship abilities in late adolescence? • How does a lack of autonomy and connection predict depression and social withdrawal in young adulthood? • Does close friendship competence mediate the expected long-term predictions to depressive symptoms and social withdrawal?

  11. Sample • 184 Adolescents, and their closest peer • Intensive Interviews and Observations with all parties • Assessed Annually, utilizing Ages 13, 18, and 21 • Equal numbers of Males and Females • Socio-economically Diverse (Median Family Income= $40- $60K) • Racially Diverse (31% African American; 69% European American) • Very low Attrition

  12. Research questions • How does a lack of autonomy and connection predict close friendship abilities in late adolescence? • How does a lack of autonomy and connection predict depression and social withdrawal in young adulthood? • Does close friendship competence mediate the expected long-term predictions to depressive symptoms and social withdrawal?

  13. Observed Autonomy and Relatedness • 8-min disagreement task with close peer • Hypothetical dilemma, try to come to a consensus • Coded using Autonomy and Relatedness Coding System for Peer Interactions (Allen et al., 2001) • Combined scale for behaviors undermining autonomy and connection with close peer: • Avoiding conflict • Overpersonalizing the disagreement • Pressuring • Interruptions/ignoring • Hostility

  14. Close Friendship Competence • Close peers reported on teens’ close friendship competence using the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (Harter, 1988) • Two contrasting descriptors, rate the extent to which choice is sort of true or really true about teen • “Some people don’t have a friend that is close enough to share really personal thoughts and feelings with/some people do have a friend that is close enough to share personal thoughts and feelings with.”

  15. Predicting Relative Increases in Close Friendship Competence Age 18 Age 13 Close Friendship Competence Close Friendship Competence β= .05 β= -.20*** Lack of Autonomy and Relatedness with Peers Inability to establish autonomy and connection with friends predicts decreases in close friendship competence at age 21 Gender Income

  16. Research questions • How does a lack of autonomy and connection predict close friendship abilities in late adolescence? • How does a lack of autonomy and connection predict depression and social withdrawal in young adulthood? • Does close friendship competence mediate the expected long-term predictions to depressive symptoms and social withdrawal?

  17. Depressive Symptoms • Teens self reported on their depressive symptoms using: • the Childhood Depression Inventory at age 13 (Kovacs & Beck, 1977) • The Beck Depression Inventory at age 21 (Beck & Steer, 1987)

  18. Social Withdrawal • Age 13: Closest peer rated teens’ social withdrawal using the Pupil Evaluation Inventory (Pekariket al., 1976) • “S/he often doesn’t want to hang out or do things with other kids” • Age 21: social withdrawal assessed using closest friend ratings on the Adult Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003). • “S/he would rather be alone than with other others”

  19. Correlation between depressive symptoms and social withdrawal at age 21 β= .05 Social Withdrawal Depressive Symptoms

  20. Predicting Relative Increases in Depressive Symptoms Age 13 Age 21 Depressive Symptoms β= .18* Depressive Symptoms β= .08 Social Withdrawal Autonomy and Relatedness Autonomy and Relatedness Gender Income

  21. Predicting Relative Increases in Depressive Symptoms Age 13 Age 21 Depressive Symptoms β= .18* Depressive Symptoms β= .08 Social Withdrawal β= .34*** Inability to establish autonomy and connection with friends predicts increases in depressive symptoms at age 21 Lack of Autonomy and Relatedness with Peers Autonomy and Relatedness Gender Income

  22. Predicting Relative Increases in Social Withdrawal Age 13 Age 21 Social Withdrawal β= .08 Social Withdrawal β= .04 Depressive Symptoms Autonomy and Relatedness Gender Income

  23. Predicting Relative Increases in Social Withdrawal Age 13 Age 21 Social Withdrawal β= .08 Social Withdrawal β= .04 Depressive Symptoms β= .18* Inability to establish autonomy and connection with friends predicts increases in social withdrawal at age 21 Lack of Autonomy and Relatedness with Peers Autonomy and Relatedness Gender Income

  24. Summary so far • Lack of autonomy and connection with close peers in early adolescence predicts: • Increased difficulties in close friendships in late adolescence • Increased depressive symptoms in young adulthood • Increased socially withdrawn behaviors in young adulthood

  25. Research questions • How does a lack of autonomy and connection relate to close friendship abilities in late adolescence? • How does a lack of autonomy and connection relate to depression and social withdrawal in young adulthood? • Does close friendship competence mediate the expected long-term predictions to depressive symptoms and social withdrawal?

  26. Age 13 Age 18 Age 21 Close Friendship Competence Close Friendship Competence Close Friendship Competence 0.38*** Lack of Autonomy & Relatedness 0.19* -0.18* 0.34*** Depressive Symptoms Depressive Symptoms 0.15* Gender Income

  27. Age 13 Age 18 Age 21 Close Friendship Competence Close Friendship Competence Close Friendship Competence 0.38*** -0.23** -0.24** Lack of Autonomy & Relatedness 0.19* -0.18* 0.30*** Depressive Symptoms Depressive Symptoms 0.15* Indirect effect = .06* Total R2= .22*** RMSEA= 0.00 CFI= 1.00 Gender Income

  28. Age 13 Age 18 Age 21 Close Friendship Competence Close Friendship Competence Close Friendship Competence 0.42*** -0.23*** -0.40*** Lack of Autonomy & Relatedness 0.18* Social Withdrawal Social Withdrawal Gender Income

  29. Age 13 Age 18 Age 21 Close Friendship Competence Close Friendship Competence Close Friendship Competence 0.42*** -0.24** -0.23*** -0.27** -0.40*** Lack of Autonomy & Relatedness 0.14 Social Withdrawal Social Withdrawal Indirect effect = .06‪†‬ Total R2= .12* RMSEA= 0.00 CFI= 1.00 Gender Income

  30. Limitations • Data are non-causal • Community-based sample, not at-risk for high levels of psychopathology • More research into adulthood is needed

  31. Conclusions • Critical developmental processes show implications for functioning 8 years later • Some continuity in early to late adolescent friendship abilities • Support a stress generation hypothesis of depression (Hammen, 1991)

  32. Conclusions • Partial mediation for depression, less so for social withdrawal • If causal links are supported, may be able to inform psychosocial interventions

  33. Acknowledgements • Thanks to my co-authors Joe Allen, Ph.D, Dave Szwedo, and Megan Schad • Thanks to all of my lab collaborators: Kathleen McElhaney, Ph.D Caroline White Nell Manning, Ph.D Emily Marston, Ph.D Erin Miga, Ph.D Ann Spilker Amanda Hare, Ph.DElieHessel Emily Loeb Barbara Oudekerk Chris Hafen • I would also like to thank the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development for funding awarded to Joseph P. Allen, PI (Grant # 9R01HD058305-A11) to conduct and write-up this project. Copies of this and related papers are available at:WWW.TEENRESEARCH.ORG

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