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SOLUTIONS and SOLUBILITY

SOLUTIONS and SOLUBILITY. Know for test. 1. Definition mixture solution solute solvent solubility dilute concentrated.

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SOLUTIONS and SOLUBILITY

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  1. SOLUTIONS and SOLUBILITY

  2. Know for test 1. Definition mixture solution solute solvent solubility dilute concentrated

  3. MIXTURE: Two or more substances existing together that can be separated by physical means such as filtration or raising or lowering the temperature. The substances do not form chemical bonds.

  4. SOLUTION: A homogeneous mixture consisting of a substance that is evenly distributed throughout another substance.

  5. SOLUTE: A substance that is dissolved in another substance.SOLVENT: A substance that dissolves another substance.The compound in the largest percentage is the solvent

  6. SOLUBILITY:Amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature, or the maximum amount of grams of a solute that will dissolve in 100 mL of solvent at a certain temperature.

  7. CONCENTRATION: Comparative amounts of solute in a solventDILUTE:Small amount of solute in the solventCONCENTRATED:Large amount of solute in the solventWe’ll consider anything greater than a 6 molar (6M) solution as concentrated

  8. Answer the following: 2B turned in 1. Is a 5 molar solution of sulfuric acid dilute or concentrated? 2. Name for maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in 100 mL of solvent at a given temperature. 3. Is a solution a heterogeneous or homogeneous mixture?

  9. Know for test 2. Define Rate of dissolution Dissociation Ionization Electrolytes Nonelectrolytes 3. In a solution pick the solute and solvent based on ratios

  10. RATE OF DISSOLUTION: How fast a solute dissolves in a solvent.DISSOCIATION: Separation of an ionic compound into ions in water.

  11. IONIZATION: Separation of a polar covalent substance into ions by water. Water pulls the molecules apart.

  12. ELECTROLYTE: A substance that separates into ions or forms ions in a water solution and allows electricity to flow through the solution. Examples: NaCl - separates into ions; HCl - forms ions

  13. NONELECTROLYTE: A substance that does not separate into or form ions in a water solution and does not allow electricity to flow through the solution.

  14. I. The ratio of the compounds involved in a solution determines which substance is the solvent and which substance is the solute.

  15. A. Is it a solvent or a solute?1. The substance present in the higher percentage is the solvent.2. The substance present in the lower percentage is the solute.

  16. Answer the following: 2B turned in 4. In a solution made of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, .09% argon, and .01% other gases which is the solvent? 5. Sulfuric acid is a polar covalent molecule that when placed in water breaks apart into positive and negative charges, is this process called dissociation or ionization? 6. When sodium chloride is placed in water electricity can be conducted, is this dissociation or ionization?

  17. Know for test 4. Conditions for dissolving 5. Know alloys Bronze Nickel Sterling silver Brass 6. Factors affecting rate of dissolving

  18. II. LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE

  19. 1. Ionic compounds dissolve only ionic compounds.2. Nonpolar solvents will dissolve only nonpolar solutes - kerosene dissolves grease.

  20. 3. Water is polar.(Polar compounds have partial positive and negative charges, called dipoles.)

  21. Water will dissolve:

  22. a. Other polar covalent compounds like sugar or HClb. Ionic compounds like salt (NaCl) c. The hydrogen and oxygen dipoles in water are attracted to the positive and negative charges of the ions in the ionic compound.

  23. 4. Some molecules have a polar end and a nonpolar end.a. They will combine with either polar or nonpolar substances.

  24. b. Alcohols are both polar and nonpolar. Ethanol will combine with iodine (I2 is nonpolar) on the nonpolar end and water on the polar end.

  25. c. Soaps and detergents remove oil because the nonpolar molecule ends combine with oils and the polar molecule ends combine with water to pull the oils into solution.

  26. II. The type of solvent determines what type of solution is formed.

  27. A. Solid solutions are a solid solute dissolved in a solid solvent.

  28. 1. Composed of two or more solids - usually metal alloys2. Made by melting the solids and mixing them together

  29. 3. Bronze is tin (along with zinc, lead or silver) dissolved in copper4. Nickel coins are copper dissolved in nickel

  30. 5. Sterlingsilver is copper (7.5%) dissolved in silver (92.5%)6. Brass is zinc dissolve in copper

  31. B. Liquid solutions are a solid, liquid or gas solute dissolved in a liquid solvent.

  32. 1. Tincture of iodine is iodine (a solid) dissolved in alcohol - a solid in a liquid

  33. 2. Lemonade is sugar and lemon juice dissolved in water - a solid and a liquid dissolved in a liquid.

  34. 3. Vinegar is acetic acid dissolved in water - a liquid in a liquid

  35. 4. Rubbing alcohol is isopropyl alcohol dissolved in water – a liquid in a liquid

  36. 5. Ocean water is many types of salts and gases dissolved in water - solids and gases dissolved in a liquid.

  37. 6. Seltzer is carbon dioxide dissolved in water - a gas in a liquid

  38. 7. The solvent and the solute must be the same type of chemical compound(ionic, polar or nonpolar).

  39. C. Gaseous solutions are gas solutes dissolved in a gas solvent.

  40. 1. Air is various gases dissolved in nitrogena. 78% nitrogenb. 21% oxygenc. 0.9% argond. 0.03% carbon dioxide

  41. 2. Trace amounts of hydrogen, ozone, methane, carbon monoxide, helium, neon, krypton, xenon, and varying amounts of water vapor

  42. 2. Divers use a solution of oxygen and helium dissolved in nitrogen in their air supply tanks.

  43. III. The solubility and rate of dissolving for a solute depends upon:

  44. A. The surface area of the solid

  45. 1. The larger the surface area, the faster the solute is dissolved.2. A 10 gram cube has less surface area than 10 grams of powder.

  46. 3. Smaller particles mean increased surface area of solute covered by the solvent, causing the solute to dissociate into ions or the molecules of solute to ionize more quickly.

  47. 10 x 10 CUBE 100, 1 x 1 CUBES

  48. B. Stirring or agitation increases energy and brings more fresh solvent in contact with the solute.

  49. 1. Stirring lemonade causes the sugar to dissolve faster and the lemon juice to disperse more quickly.2. Water erodes rock more quickly at waterfalls, rapids, and eddies.

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