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TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: Describe the events that led to the formation of the new nation of Israel. List the outbreaks of w

CH. 34 Section 4: Conflicts in the Middle East. AKINS HIGH SCHOOL World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50. TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: Describe the events that led to the formation of the new nation of Israel.

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TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: Describe the events that led to the formation of the new nation of Israel. List the outbreaks of w

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  1. CH. 34 Section 4: Conflicts in the Middle East AKINS HIGH SCHOOL World History Room 167Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50 • TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Describe the events that led to the formation of the new nation of Israel. • List the outbreaks of war between Israel and Arab states. • Explain the Camp David Accords. • Describe the Palestinian struggle for independence. • AGENDA:Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering classroom ! • WARM-UP –Examine the Map on p. 903; Answer the two questions • DISCUSSION of Section 4, Text p. 901 - 905 / packet p. • NEXT ASSIGNMENT: • Read “The Collapse of the Soviet Union” Textbook CH. 35, Section 3 & 4 • p. 921 - 930

  2. Textbook p. 901 “Setting the Stage” • A Modern Conflict rooted in Ancient History • According to Jews, their claim goes back 3,000 years • when Jewish (Hebrew) kings first ruled from Jerusalem. • According to Palestinians (both Muslim & Christian), • the land has belonged to them since the Jews were • driven out by the Romans in 135 A.D. • According to Arabs, the land has belonged to them since • the Mohammed-led conquest of the area in the 7th century. • A Conflict Complicated by Modern Events • the implications of the Holocaust. • geopolitics - increased importance of oil in the Middle East • and the political maneuverings in response to this fact. Map at right: Current nation of Israel and the Palestinian territories it occupies: the Gaza Strip and West Bank Bottom right: The new “West Bank barrier” being built by Israel.

  3. The Middle East in 1914

  4. 1800s – Pogroms (persecutions of Jews) begin in Europe. 1894 Teodor Herzl leads Zionist movement- a movement dedicated to creating a Jewish State in Palestine. 1896- Zionists begin settling in Palestine. Middle East on the Eve of World War I 1914 WWI begins. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  5. CH 34: Section 4 – “The Early Stages” Text p. 901; Packet p. “His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this objective as long as it is understood that nothing shall be done which may harm the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine….” ~ Britain’s Balfour Declaration 1917 In World War I, Britain’s T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) infiltrated the Ottoman territory to stir up Arab revolt against the Turks who had joined the Axis powers. Britain did not want to lose the support of Jews nor Arabs during the war and made promises to both groups. • Arabs were concerned • about the increased immigration • of Jews to Palestine. • Jews were making requests for • a homeland to be carved out of • the region when the war ended. 1. Britain issues the Balfour Declaration. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  6. CH 34: Section 4 – “The Early Stages” Text p. 901; Packet p. How did the Treaty of Versailles change the world map? 1918 - Ottoman Empire is defeated in World War I igniting widespread Turkish nationalism leading to the creation of Turkey. The League of Nations asks Britain to oversea Palestine as a mandate– aterritory to be controlled by the League of Nations until ready for independence. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  7. CH 34: Section 4 – “The Early Stages” Text p. 901; Packet p. How did the Treaty of Versailles change the world map? 1918 - Ottoman Empire is defeated in World War I igniting widespread Turkish nationalism leading to the creation of Turkey. The League of Nations asks Britain to oversea Palestine as a mandate– aterritory to be controlled by the League of Nations until ready for independence. • Arabs were concerned • about the increased immigration • of Jews to Palestine. • Jews were making requests for • a homeland to be carved out of • the region when the war ended. 1. Britain issues the Balfour Declaration. Unable to settle the matter after World War II, Britain decides to turn the issue over to the U.N. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  8. CH 34: Section 4 – “Israel Becomes a State” Text p. 902; Packet p. The Palestinian state the U.N. had planned for the Palestinians never came into being. Israel seized half that land in this first 1948-49 war. Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip, Jordan took the West Bank. Thousands of Palestinians had to flee out of the areas now under Jewish control and found themselves homeless and living in U.N.-sponsored refugee camps. The U.N. recommends the partition of Palestine into one Palestinian state and one Jewish state; sympathy for Jews after the Holocaust helped generate increased Zionist support. 2. An independent state of Israel is created. 1948 The next day after Israel announced its independence, six Arab states – Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria – invaded Israel. UNITED NATIONS Outbreak of full-scale Arab-Israeli war. Israel would depend on strong American support in this war and future wars with its Arab neighbors. T. Loessin; Akins H.S. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  9. CH 34: Section 4 – “The 1956 Suez Crisis” Text p. 902; Packet p. Nasser overthrew Egypt’s president who many viewed as a puppet of Britain. Angry, Britain cuts off promised funds for a huge dam Egypt was building. In retaliation, Nasser seizes the Suez Canal – which Britain has controlled for nearly a century. Egypt’s new president Nasser seizes the Suez Canal. 3. The 1956 Arab-Israeli war breaks out over the Suez crisis. - Britain and France back an Israeli invasion of the Sinai Egypt was defeated but world pressure forced Israel and its allies to withdraw from Egypt and return the canal. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  10. CH 34: Section 4 – “The 1967 Six-Day War” Text p. 902; Packet p. Nasser and the other Arab allies remained angry after the 1956 War and by 1967 were equipped with Soviet tanks and aircraft and began to mobilize for a retaliation on Israel. Arab forces with Soviet support began mobilizing and closed off the Gulf of Aqaba. 4. Israel stages a pre-emptive strike and the 1967 Six-Day War begins. Heavy Arab losses; Israel annexes Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  11. CH 34: Section 4 – “The 1973 Yom Kippur War” Text p. 902; Packet p. October 6, 1973 was “Yom Kippur”- the holiest day in the Jewish calendar – Egypt and Syria opened a coordinated surprise attack against Israel. The equivalent of the total forces of NATO in Europe was mobilizing on Israel's borders. The whole world watched anxiously to see what steps would be taken by Israel’s Prime Minister, Golda Meir. Egypt’s President Anwar Sadat Joint Arab attack on holiest Jewish holiday. 5. The 1973 Yom Kippur War begins. Israel counter-attacked. Signed an uneasy truce. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  12. CH 34: Section 4 – “Trading Land for Peace” Text p. 903; Packet p. Egyptian PresidentSadat offers peace to Israel. President Carter sets meeting in U.S. 6. Israeli Prime MinisterMenachem Begin and Sadat sign the Camp David Accords in 1978. • Egypt becomes first Arab nation to officially • recognize Israel’s statehood. • Israel agrees to return Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. Israel Egypt’s President Anwar Sadat shocked the world when he became the first leader of the Arab-world to offer peace to Israel. “We used to reject you,” he told the Israeli Parliament, “yet, today, we agree to live with you in permanent peace and justice.” Egypt’s new PresidentHosni Mubarak kept Sadat’s policy and maintained peace with Israel. Palestinians could no longer rely on Egypt in their conflict with Israel. Two years later, Sadat is assassinated by angry Muslim extremists.

  13. Palestinians continued to resent Israel’s rule over their lands and they began turning increasingly to the P.L.O. (Palestinian Liberation Organization) - a militant group fighting an armed struggle for the liberation of Palestine from Israel. Yasir Arafat was the leader of the P.L.O. from 1969 – 2004. In 1987 Palestinians began theintifada - a widespread “uprising” with acts of civil disobedience – such as attacking Israeli soldiers, rock throwing, boycotts, demonstrations. By 1991 world pressure led to peace talks again. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  14. CH 34: Section 4 – “The Declaration of Principles” Text p. 905; Packet p. Ongoing violence associated with the intifada as well as Palestinian civil disobedience led to pressure on Israel. 7. Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin and P.L.O. leader Arafat issue a Declaration of Principles. Rabin promised self-rule for the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Rabin and Arafat were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994.

  15. In the same manner that Sadat had been assassinated in 1981 by Muslim extremists on his side who were angry about his willingness to make peace with Israel… Following the assassination of Egypt’s President Sadat in 1981, Israeli Prime Minister Rabin paid a respectful visit to his memorial. …Israel’s Prime Minister Rabin was also assassinated in 1995 by a right-wing Jewish extremist angry at Rabin’s concessions to the P.L.O. Memorial to Yitzhak Rabin in Tel Aviv, Israel

  16. 1997: Arafat congratulates the West Bank town of Hebron beingreturned to Palestinian control after 30 years under the Israelis. But Israel’s new Prime Minister Netanyahu then approved a large new Jewish housing project in eastern Jerusalem. New violence broke out, led primarily by a right-wing Islamic extremist group called Hamas. 1998: A “land-for-peace” deal is signed by Netanyahu and Arafat that called for a promised crackdown on terrorists, redeployment of Israeli troops, transfer of 14.2 percent of the West Bank land to Palestinian control, safe passage corridors for Palestinians between Gaza and the West Bank. 1999: Israel’s new Prime Minister Barak released 200 Palestinian prisoners and began transferring West Bank land to Palestinian control as part of the terms of the 1998 accords. 2000: Israeli right-wing opposition leader Ariel Sharon led a delegation to a Jerusalem site that Jews and Muslims consider sacred. Crowds of Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank began attacking Israeli forces. A deadline for a final peace accord passes with no agreement reached. Barak resigns. 2001: Ariel Sharon wins the election. The new U.S. Bush Administration, which had been mostly mute on the Middle East conflict, was suddenly stirred to interest following the 9/11 attacks on the U.S.

  17. 2002: Despite renewed diplomatic efforts by the U.S., the U.N., Russia, and even from the Saudi Crown Prince, the violence intensified with a barrage of suicide bombings. • 2003: Once the P.L.O. President Yasser Arafat, under pressure from the U.S., EU, U.N., and Russia, instituted a constitutional reform for the Palestinian Authority, including • transferring some of his powers to the newly created post of prime minister, • the quartet formally presented the details of the proposed "road map to peace" • to the Israelis and the Palestinians. • Mahmoud Abbas was elected to the new position of Prime Minister • by the newly formed Palestinian Authority cabinet. 2004: Palestinian Authority President Yasser Arafat, 75, the leader who passionately sought a homeland for his people but was seen by many Israelis as a ruthless terrorist and a roadblock to peace, died. 2005: Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas will meet U.S. President George W. Bush in Washington on May 26 to further discuss the “Road Map to Peace.” http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/mideast/

  18. The United Nations established the U.N. Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East to help care for those Palestinians. More than 3.7 million Palestinians are registered with the agency in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, the West Bank and Gaza. More than 1 million of those refugees live in 59 U.N.-operated refugee camps -- 27 of them in the West Bank and Gaza. Jordan hosts the most refugees -- about 1.6 million, of which 280,000 live in 10 camps. Israeli leaders have held the position that the right of return is nonnegotiable saying that it would create a demographic problem for Israel, making it unable to continue as a Jewish state.

  19. Israel Demographics Capital:Disputed. Israel claims Jerusalem as its capital, but most countries have embassies in Tel Aviv. Area:8,019 sq mi, slightly smaller than New Jersey. Population:5,938,093 (July 2001 est.). Gaza Strip:Israeli occupied territory with limited Palestinian self-government. Area:139 sq mi, mostly limestone hills. Population:1,178,119 (2001 est.) West Bank:Israeli occupied territory with areas of limited Palestinian self-government. Area:2,263 sq mi Population:2,090,713 (2001 est.) Note: 176,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank, about 6,900 in the Gaza Strip, about 20,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (August 2000 est.).

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