1848–1860

1. 1848–1860 CHAPTER 13 THE CRISIS OVER SLAVERY CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

2. “This day some kind of mettle was found…that looks like goald.” Henry William Bigler’s diary, 1848

3. TIMELINE 1848 Gold Rush begins Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Seneca Falls Convention in New York Free-Soil Party founded 1850 Compromise of 1850 The Fugitive Slave Law 1851 Fort Laramie Treaty Indiana approves its state constitution 1852 California’s Fugitive State Law Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Frederick Douglass’ speech, “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro” The American Party founded 1853 Gadsden Purchase Commodore Matthew Perry in Tokyo Harbor

4. TIMELINE continued 1854 McCormick patents horse-drawn mechanical reaper The Kansas-Nebraska Act The Republican Party created Thoreau’s Walden 1855 Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass John Brown and the massacre at Pottwatamie Creek 1856 Presidential Election 1857 Dred Scott v. Sanford Depression in the Northeast and Midwest 1858 The Douglas/Lincoln debates 1859 Harriet Wilson’s Our Nig; or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black, in a Two-Story White House, North John Brown and Harpers Ferry attack

5. THE CRISIS OVER SLAVERY Overview • Regional Economies and Conflicts • Shifting Group Identities • The Paradox of Southern Political Power • The Deepening Conflict over Slavery

6. REGIONAL ECONOMIES AND CONFLICTS • Regional economies: • California: Gold • Midwest: Food • Northeast: Textile Mills • South: Cotton • These regional economies were being molded into a national economy with: • Railroads • Factories • Farm Equipment

7. Regional Economies and Conflicts • Native American Economies Transformed • Land Conflicts in the Southwest • Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest • The Varied Regional Economies of the South • The Ideal and the Reality of a Free Labor Ideology in the North

8. Territorial Expansion in the 19th Century

9. Native-American Economies Transformed • The Five Southern Tribes relocate • Nomadic Tribes prosper • Plains Indian treaties • Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 and the Treaty of Fort Atkinson • Patterns of Euroamerican territorial conquest

10. Land Conflicts in the Southwest • The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and The Gadsden Purchase • Tejanos and Euroamericans clash over land in Texas • Juan Cortina (Cortina’s War) and Joaquin Murrieta • “Social Bandits”

11. Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest • The Breadbasket of the Nation • The Yankee Strip:Germans, Belgians, Swiss, and Scandinavians • The Lower Midwest: Many originated from the South. • The Rural Midwest • John Deere and Cyrus McCormick

12. The Varied Regional Economies of the South • The South Atlantic States • The Rural South • Slavery discouraged immigrants • The Southern Coastal Cities • Ethnic diversity • The Southern Cities

13. The Ideal and the Reality of a Free Labor Ideology in the North • Industrialization • Irish Immigration • Indentured servitude/apprenticeship • Wage slavery • Economic integration

14. SHIFTING COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES • Ideologies of Social Inferiority • Literary Expressions of Individualism • Critiques of Individualism

15. Ideologies of Social Inferiority • Prejudice: Notions of gender and “racial” inferiority • Social status of groups revealed in patterns of work

16. Literary Expressions of Individualism • Universal equality • Emerson • Thoreau • Whitman • Melville

17. Critiques of Individualism • Collective Identities • Native Americans: primacy of kinship and village over individual • African Americans: Northern and Southern blacks’ destiny linked • Women: Seneca Falls Convention, women linked their plight with slaves

18. The Paradox of Southern Political Power • The Party System in Disarray • The Compromise of 1850 • Expansion and Political Upheaval • The Republican Alliance

19. The Party System in Disarray • Free Soilers • Wilmot Proviso • Popular Sovereignty • The abolitionist threat to the South • California, Utah and New Mexico, and the Underground Railroad

20. The Compromise of 1850 • California: admitted as a free state • Utah and New Mexico: hold referendums on slavery • The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850: the compromise with the South • The return of runaway slaves

21. Expansion and Political Upheaval • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty • Cuba and the Ostend Manifesto • Manifest Destiny • Kansas-Nebraska Act • The Know-Nothings

22. The Republican Alliance • The Presidential Race of 1856 • Democrats: Buchanan • Know-Nothings: Fillmore • Republicans: Frémont • New-comer, Abraham Lincoln

23. The Deepening Conflict of Slavery • The Rising Tide of Violence • Dred Scott v. Sanford • The Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Harpers Ferry and the Presidential Election of 1860

24. The Rising Tide of Violence • African-American Conventions • Harriet Beecher Stowe and Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Frederick Law Olmsted and The New York Times

25. Bleeding Kansas • John Brown • Lecompton Constitution • United States Senators Fight: Sumner vs. Brooks

26. The Dred Scott Decision • Chief Justice Taney: slave-owners cannot be deprived of their property without due process • Economic depression in the Northeast and Midwest

27. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Douglas: “I care more for the great principle of self-government, the right of the people to rule, than I do for all the negroes in Christendom.” • Lincoln: “…my wish is that the spread of [slavery] may be arrested, and that it may be placed where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction.”

28. The Election of 1860

29. Harpers Ferry and the Presidential Election of 1860 • John Brown vs. Robert E. Lee. A failed attempt to incite a slave rebellion. • Democratic party divided • Republicans nominate Lincoln • Republic of equal rights vs. the Southern way of life