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The Thirty Years’ War

The Thirty Years’ War. Thirty Years’ War: Basic Facts. Lasted 1618-1648 Bohemian Phase: 1618-1621 Danish Phase: 1621-1630 Swedish Phase: 1630-1632 French Phase: 1635-1648 Holy Roman Empire was the battleground Beginning: Protestants vs. Catholics

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The Thirty Years’ War

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  1. The Thirty Years’ War

  2. Thirty Years’ War: Basic Facts • Lasted 1618-1648 • Bohemian Phase: 1618-1621 • Danish Phase: 1621-1630 • Swedish Phase: 1630-1632 • French Phase: 1635-1648 • Holy Roman Empire was the battleground • Beginning: Protestants vs. Catholics • End: Hapsburg power under assault • Resolved by Peace of Westphalia

  3. Ultimately involved all major European nations

  4. Thirty Years’ War: Bohemian Phase • Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia • Bohemians hated him • Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants • Defenestration of Prague: May 1618 • Bohemia named new king – Frederick • Ferdinand II became Holy Roman Emperor • Ferdinand II borrowed army from Bavaria • Frederick lost his lands in the fighting • Rebellion in Bohemia inspired others

  5. Defenestration of Prague

  6. Defenestration Building in PragueJune 2009

  7. Frederick: Temporary King of Bohemia (Winter King)

  8. Bohemian Phase 1618-1621 Heads of Bohemian Rebels Prague River Tower, 1621

  9. Thirty Years’ War: Danish Phase • Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance • Tried to crush Protestants in the North • Ferdinand II used Wallenstein for army • Wallenstein defeated Protestants in North • Edict of Restitution: 1629 • Outlawed Calvinism • Required Protestants to return lands • German princes began to fear Ferdinand II • Wallenstein fired in effort to calm princes

  10. Danish Phase • 1621-1630 Christian IV King of Denmark and Norway 1577-1648

  11. Wallenstein Mercenary for Ferdinand II

  12. Thirty Years’ War: Swedish Phase (1630-1632) • France and Sweden now got involved • Both wanted to stop Hapsburg power • Sweden led the charge • France provided support • Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HRE • Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein • Swedish advance was stopped • German princes still feared Ferdinand II • Wallenstein assassinated to appease them

  13. Gustavus Adolphus “The Lion of the North”

  14. The Death of Gustavus Adolphus Jan Asselyn, The Battle of Lutzen

  15. Gustavus Adolphus’ Signature

  16. Thirty Years’ War: French Phase (1635-1648) • France and Sweden switched roles • All countries in Europe now participated • This phase was most destructive • German towns decimated • Agriculture collapsed – famine resulted • 8 million dead – 1/3 of population • Caused massive inflation • Trade was crippled throughout Europe

  17. French Phase • 1635-1648 CardinalRichelieu 1585-1642 Louis XIII

  18. JACQUES CALLOT (1592-1635) AND THE MISERIES OF THETHIRTY YEARS WAR The Hanging

  19. JACQUES CALLOT, Destruction of a Convent

  20. Thirty Years’ War: Peace of Westphalia (1648) • First modern peace treaty • France gained Alsace-Lorraine • Sweden received lands from the empire • Swiss Confederation became independent • Dutch Republic became independent • German princes had rights reaffirmed • Calvinism added to approved religions • Hapsburg power declined and shifted • Would lead to rise of Prussia

  21. Gerard Terborch, The Peace of Westphalia, 1648 • Artist was • Eyewitness • Dressed in brown

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