Objective 9/29/16

1. Objective 9/29/16 Provided notes and an activity SWBAT examine the functions of the brain. SWBAT explain the functions and identify the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and their functions.

2. Biological Bases of Behavior AP Psychology: Unit II Topic: The Brain and Behavior

3. Do Now: Brain Dominance • Fill out the following handout to determine which part of your brain is the dominant part.

4. The Biological Bases:The Hindbrain Part ONE The “Reptilian Brain”

5. Hindbrain: Medulla Oblongata • Location • Top of the spinal cord; very bottom of the brain • Part of the brainstem • Function • Life-supporting functions • Respiration • Digestion • Heartbeat • Blood pressure

6. Hindbrain: Pons • Location • Sits on top of the medulla; larger swelling • Function • Links the medulla & cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain • Helps coordinate movement,especially left-right body coordination • Influences sleep, dreaming and arousal • Means “bridge”

7. Hindbrain: Reticular Formation • Location • Runs through the middle of the medulla and the pons; in between one’s ears • Function • Controls an organism’s level of alertness/arousal

8. Hindbrain: Cerebellum • Location • Located in the rear of the brain; large & deeply folded structure; “little brain” • Function • Helps coordinate voluntary movements, as well as balance & sense of equilibrium

9. Hindbrain: Brainstem • Location • Lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord • Function • Oldest/most basic part of the brain • Contains the medulla, pons & reticular formation • Automatic survival functions • Sends & receives information

10. The Biological Bases:The Forebrain Part TWO The “Animal Brain”

11. Forebrain: Limbic System • Location • A loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex & deeper sub cortical areas • Most psychologists agree that it includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala • Function • Helps regulate emotion, memory and motivation

12. Forebrain: Thalamus • Location • Sits atop the brainstem • Function • The brain’s sensory switchboard • All senses (with the exception of smell) pass through the thalamus; send information to proper regions of the cerebral cortex for processing • Transmits “replies” to the cerebellum & medulla • Means “inner chamber”

13. Forebrain: Hypothalamus • Location • Located directly underneath the thalamus & right above the pituitary gland • Function • Fight-or-flight; eating and drinking; sexual functions; body temperature • Main link between the endocrine & nervous systems • Means “below the inner chamber”

14. Forebrain: Hippocampus • Location • Curved structure located within each temporal lobe; wraps around the back of the thalamus • Function • Formation of long-term (permanent) memories that are then stored elsewhere in the brain; storage of memories for the location of objects • Greek for “seahorse”

15. Forebrain: Amygdala • Location • Two almond shaped structures; near the hippocampus • Function • Responsible for emotional responses to fear & the memory of fear; also associated with anger and aggression • Means “almond”

16. The Biological Bases: Cerebrum Part THREE The “Human Brain”

17. The Cerebrum • Location • Largest and most complex part of the human brain • Function • Includes areas responsible for the most complex mental activities • Divided into TWO hemispheres & FOUR lobes • FOUR LOBES • Frontal (FREUD) • Temporal (TORE HIS…) • Parietal (PANTS) • Occipital (OFF)

18. Comparative Neuroscience

19. The Cerebral Cortex • Location • Outermost part of the brain; covers the cerebrum • Function • Convolutions allow it’s large surface area (1.5 feet) to be packed into the limited volume of the skull • Contains an estimated 30 billion nerve cells • The wrinkles on the brain are made GYRI and SULCI • Gyri (gyrus) are the ridges • Sulci (sulcus) are the fissures

21. Cerebrum: Frontal Lobe (Freud) • Location • Front of the brain; just beyond the forehead; largest lobe • Primary Function • Advanced cognitive abilities • Contains • Prefrontal Cortex • Motor Cortex • Broca’s Area

22. Frontal Lobe: Prefrontal Cortex • Function • Planning, personality, memory storage, complex decision-making and areas devoted to language • (**Phineas Gage)

23. Frontal Lobe: Primary Motor Cortex • Function • Output • Controls the movement of the body’s voluntary muscles by sending commands to the somatic division of the PNS • Cross-wired pattern • Motor cortex in the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body & vice versa

24. Frontal Lobe: Primary Motor Cortex Taking a step Spirit fingers Dancing Clapping Jumping

25. Frontal Lobe: Broca’s Area • Function • Devoted to the productionof speech • Allows people to speak smoothly and fluently • Directs muscle movements involved in speech The brain of Paul Broca’s patient, “Tan” In 1865, Paul Broca reported that with damage to a specific area of the left frontal lobe, a person would struggle to speak words while still being able to sing songs and understand speech

26. Cerebrum: Temporal Lobe (Tore his..) • Location • Just behind the temples; below the parietal lobe • Primary Function • Sound information processing • Contains • Auditory Cortex • Wernicke’s Area

27. Temporal Lobe: Auditory Cortex • Function • Processes sensory information from the ears • Dominant neural pathways are contralateral

28. Temporal Lobe: Wernicke’s Area • Function • Devoted to language comprehension and expression In 1874, Carl Wernicke discovered that with damage to a specific area of the left temporal lobe, people could speak only meaningless words…

29. Language Processing

30. Cerebrum: Parietal Lobe (Pants) • Location • Top of the head; between the frontal and occipital lobes;directly under the parietal bone • Primary Function • Touch & sensory information processing • (**Also general processing, such as mathematical reasoning) • Contains • Sensory Cortex

31. Parietal Lobe: Sensory Cortex • Function • INPUT • Registers & processes senses (e.g. touch, pain, skin temperature, body position in space) • Cross-wired pattern • Sensory cortex in the left hemisphere receives input from the right side of the body & vice versa

32. The Homunculus

34. Cerebrum: Occipital Lobe (Off) • Location • Toward the back of the brain; at the base of the cortex • Primary Function • Visual information processing • Contains • Visual cortex

35. Occipital Lobe: Visual Cortex • Function • Processes sensory information from the eyes • NOT contralateral • The left visual cortex receives information from both eyes that come from the right field of division

36. Occipital Lobe: Visual Cortex

37. Phantoms in the Brain • Interesting Case • When Ellen’s son came to visit her, he was shocked and puzzled by his formerly neat and fastidious mother’s appearance. • The woman who had always taken pride in her looks, who always had her hair perfectly done & her nails perfectly manicured, looked incredibly messy and extremely odd. • Her hair was uncombed on one side. Her green shawl was hanging neatly over her right shoulder, but hanging onto the floor on her left side. Her lipstick was applied to the right side of her lips, and only to the right side – the left side of her face was completely bare of makeup. Yet her eyeliner, mascara and blush were all neatly applied to the right side of her face. • What was wrong??

38. Phantoms in the Brain • Interesting Case • Ellen had suffered a stroke • The stroke left her with a condition called spatial neglect, in which a person with damage to the right parietal lobes & right occipital lobes of the cortex will ignore everything in their left visual field. • She was not blind on the left-side – she just wouldn’t notice anything there unless her attention was specifically called to it