CHAPTER 21 Progressivism from the Grass Roots to the White House 1890 1916

1. CHAPTER 21 Progressivism from the Grass Roots to the White House 1890�1916

2. Grassroots Progressivism Civilizing the City Settlement House Movement � Jane Addams & Lillian Wald and Hull House � college educated women and reform Church ministers and social gospel � Walter Rauschenbusch � civilize the city � against alcohol, prostitution � social and moral purity Progressives and the Working Class Women�s Trade Union League � women workers and middle class �allies� � Triangle Shirtwaist Company � protest low wages, dangerous working conditions, management�s refusal to recognize the International Ladies� Garment Workers Union & hours of work Protective legislation � Muller v. Oregon National Consumer�s League � Florence Kelley � middle class women and boycott of products � municipal housekeeping � woman�s suffrage.

3. Progressivism: Theory and Practice Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering Challenge to Social Darwinism and laissez-faire Efficiency and expertise � Frederick Winslow Taylor and scientific management Progressive Government: City and State Followers of grassroots progressives in government � Thomas Lofton Johnson, mayor of Cleveland, OH � fair taxation, municipal ownership of railroads and public utilities, greater democracy � initiative, referendum, and recall Robert M. LaFollette, governor and U. S. Senator from Wisconsin � railroad, education, conservation, factory regulation, direct primary, state income tax � Wisconsin, �laboratory of democracy� Hiram Johnson, governor and U. S. Senator from California � direct primary, initiative, referendum, recall, railroad regulation, conservation , employer�s liability.

4. Progressivism Finds a President: Theodore Roosevelt The Square Deal Government and trusts � Northern Securities Company �bad� and �good� trusts - trustbuster � action against 43 trusts � moral and political authority of president in mediating between labor and management � anthracite coal mine strike � United Mine Workers and management � �Square Deal� and victory in 1904 Roosevelt the Reformer Railroad reform and power for Interstate Commerce Commission � Hepburn Act Muckraking Journalism � Pure Food and Drug Act � Meat Inspection Act 1907 economic panic and J. P. Morgan � regulation instead of trust-busting Roosevelt and Conservation Preserve forest land from commercial development by executive proclamation � also managed use of natural reserves � protest from Sierra

7. Club and progressives - Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 and forest reserves � 6 national parks, 16 national monuments, 51 wildlife refuges � testimony to Roosevelt�s accomplishments as conservationist. The Big Stick Guarding Monroe Doctrine � Roosevelt Corollary � Panama Canal. Keeping the Open Door Policy in China Noble prize for negotiating peace at the end of the Russo-Japanese War (1906) � Root-Takahira agreement (1908) and Open Door Policy in Japan.

11. Progressivism Stalled The Troubled Presidency of William Howard Taft Payne-Aldrich tariff � benefited big business and trusts � undid some of Roosevelt�s reforms � Roosevelt leaned more to progressives � Republican party divided, Democracy majority in 1910 congressional elections � mine and railroad regulation, creation of the Children�s Bureau in the Department of Labor, 8-hour work day - 16th Amendment (graduated income tax) and 17th Amendment (direct election of Senators) �dollar diplomacy� or substitute �dollars for bullets� � commercial treaties on Nicaragua and Honduras � U. S. marines in Nicaragua and Dominican republic in 1912 Promoted active intervention in China � investments Antitrust suit against U. S. Steel and 1907 acquisition of Tennessee Coal and Iron.

13. Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912 Roosevelt challenged Taft unsuccessfully on Republican ticket � ran on Progressive Party ticket � plank included woman�s suffrage, presidential primaries, minimum wages for women, conservation, child labor laws, worker�s compensation, social security, income tax Democratic party benefited from split in Republican party � Woodrow Wilson � real contest between Roosevelt (�New Nationalism�) and Wilson (�New Freedom�) despite 4 candidates � Wilson wins decisive victory.

14. Woodrow Wilson and Progressivism at High Tide Wilson�s Reforms: Tariff, Banking, and the Trusts Underwood tariff � lowered rates � revenue from moderate income tax Federal Reserve Act (1913) � national banking system with 12 regional banks � efficient banking and currency system Clayton Antitrust Act � outlawed price discrimination and interlocking directories � regulate rather than break up big businesses. Federal trade Commission � eliminate unfair trade practices Wilson, Reluctant Progressive Progressives questioned end of reforms � Republicans demanded reforms � token support - Keating-Owen child labor law, 8 hour work day in railroads, rural credits for farmers

15. The Limits of Progressive Reform Radical Alternatives Socialist Labor Party and Eugene V. Debs International Workers of the World � unskilled workers Margaret Sanger and birth control � not just sexual and medical reform but means to alter social and political power relationships Progressivism for White Men Only Alice Paul and National Woman�s Party (1916) � radical voice of the suffrage movement W. E. B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington - NAACP