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Grassroots Progressivism Civilizing the City Settlement House Movement Jane Addams
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1. CHAPTER 21
Progressivism from the Grass Roots
to the White House
18901916
2. Grassroots Progressivism
Civilizing the City
Settlement House Movement Jane Addams & Lillian Wald and Hull House college educated women and reform
Church ministers and social gospel Walter Rauschenbusch civilize the city against alcohol, prostitution social and moral purity
Progressives and the Working Class
Womens Trade Union League women workers and middle class allies Triangle Shirtwaist Company protest low wages, dangerous working conditions, managements refusal to recognize the International Ladies Garment Workers Union & hours of work
Protective legislation Muller v. Oregon
National Consumers League Florence Kelley middle class women and boycott of products municipal housekeeping womans suffrage.
3. Progressivism: Theory and Practice
Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering
Challenge to Social Darwinism and laissez-faire
Efficiency and expertise Frederick Winslow Taylor and scientific management
Progressive Government: City and State
Followers of grassroots progressives in government Thomas Lofton Johnson, mayor of Cleveland, OH fair taxation, municipal ownership of railroads and public utilities, greater democracy initiative, referendum, and recall
Robert M. LaFollette, governor and U. S. Senator from Wisconsin railroad, education, conservation, factory regulation, direct primary, state income tax Wisconsin, laboratory of democracy
Hiram Johnson, governor and U. S. Senator from California direct primary, initiative, referendum, recall, railroad regulation, conservation , employers liability.
4. Progressivism Finds a President: Theodore Roosevelt
The Square Deal
Government and trusts Northern Securities Company
bad and good trusts - trustbuster action against 43 trusts moral and political authority of president in mediating between labor and management anthracite coal mine strike United Mine Workers and management Square Deal and victory in 1904
Roosevelt the Reformer
Railroad reform and power for Interstate Commerce Commission Hepburn Act
Muckraking Journalism Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act
1907 economic panic and J. P. Morgan regulation instead of trust-busting
Roosevelt and Conservation
Preserve forest land from commercial development by executive proclamation also managed use of natural reserves protest from Sierra
7. Club and progressives - Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 and forest reserves 6 national parks, 16 national monuments, 51 wildlife refuges testimony to Roosevelts accomplishments as conservationist.
The Big Stick
Guarding Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary Panama Canal.
Keeping the Open Door Policy in China
Noble prize for negotiating peace at the end of the Russo-Japanese War (1906) Root-Takahira agreement (1908) and Open Door Policy in Japan.
11. Progressivism Stalled
The Troubled Presidency of William Howard Taft
Payne-Aldrich tariff benefited big business and trusts undid some of Roosevelts reforms Roosevelt leaned more to progressives Republican party divided, Democracy majority in 1910 congressional elections mine and railroad regulation, creation of the Childrens Bureau in the Department of Labor, 8-hour work day - 16th Amendment (graduated income tax) and 17th Amendment (direct election of Senators)
dollar diplomacy or substitute dollars for bullets commercial treaties on Nicaragua and Honduras U. S. marines in Nicaragua and Dominican republic in 1912
Promoted active intervention in China investments
Antitrust suit against U. S. Steel and 1907 acquisition of Tennessee Coal and Iron.
13. Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912
Roosevelt challenged Taft unsuccessfully on Republican ticket ran on Progressive Party ticket plank included womans suffrage, presidential primaries, minimum wages for women, conservation, child labor laws, workers compensation, social security, income tax
Democratic party benefited from split in Republican party Woodrow Wilson real contest between Roosevelt (New Nationalism) and Wilson (New Freedom) despite 4 candidates Wilson wins decisive victory.
14. Woodrow Wilson and Progressivism
at High Tide
Wilsons Reforms: Tariff, Banking, and the Trusts
Underwood tariff lowered rates revenue from moderate income tax
Federal Reserve Act (1913) national banking system with 12 regional banks efficient banking and currency system
Clayton Antitrust Act outlawed price discrimination and interlocking directories regulate rather than break up big businesses.
Federal trade Commission eliminate unfair trade practices
Wilson, Reluctant Progressive
Progressives questioned end of reforms Republicans demanded reforms token support - Keating-Owen child labor law, 8 hour work day in railroads, rural credits for farmers
15. The Limits of Progressive Reform
Radical Alternatives
Socialist Labor Party and Eugene V. Debs
International Workers of the World unskilled workers
Margaret Sanger and birth control not just sexual and medical reform but means to alter social and political power relationships
Progressivism for White Men Only
Alice Paul and National Womans Party (1916) radical voice of the suffrage movement
W. E. B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington - NAACP