1862

1. 1862 The Confederacy Looks Like Its Winning Time for Desperate Measures in the North

2. Why? • North has not won any major battles • Union military leadership has changed. No man appears up to the challenge. • Lincoln issues General War Order 1 • “Ordered that the 22nd. day of February 1862, be the day for a general movement of the Land and Naval forces of the United States against the insurgent forces.” • South will begin fighting offensive war • Europe will be brought in

3. Battle of Hampton Roads (Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack; first ever naval battle between iron-sided ships) • Homestead Act • Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act • Robert E. Lee placed in command of the Army of Northern Virginia • Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Battle of Manassas) • Battle of Antietam (Battle of Sharpsburg) • Dakota War of 1862 begins • Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation

4. The Cotton Factor? Of the 1,390,938,752 lb of raw cotton 1,115,890,608 lb came from America. But, The Confederacy did not realize that by 1861, England had plenty of cotton in storage. England relied far more on grain imports from the US than cotton.

5. Monarchies were naturally fearful of rebellion Yet, the ruling classes of England and France sympathized with the Confederacy England was building ships for the South Lingering resentment over Northern tariff policies; South seemed like an “aristocracy” Until 1862, slavery was not the primary issue of war. Europe found slavery repugnant, but no moral issue was initially involved (from the Euro perspective) Europe and the Civil War

6. Trent Affair • War between England and the Union nearly broke out in 1861: The Trent Affair • Southern emissaries to England were forcefully taken from a British ship near Havana. The men were imprisoned in the North, the captain hailed as a national hero • England could not tolerate this (even though they used this policy during Napoleonic Wars) • Lincoln: only one war at a time. Put down war fever and released prisoners.

7. England and the South (and cotton) • William E. Gladstone: • "There is no doubt that Jefferson Davis and other leaders of the South have made an army; they are making, it appears, a navy; and they have made what is more than either-they have made a nation." He added, "We may anticipate with certainty the success of the Southern States so far as regards their separation from the North." • But, support for the Confederacy was limited to upper classes • Even with the cotton shortage creating textiles unemployment, workers remained opposed to the South because of slavery

8. Europe and the Civil War • Long-standing bitterness between the North and England made war desirable for many • But, both England and the North had diplomats who relied on diplomacy, not emotion • However, by 1862 it looked as if the South would win • Failed Northern attempt to capture Richmond • No invading army in Virginia • Confederacy fighting OFFENSIVE war, East and West • Northern diplomats feared England would step in to negotiate a peace that would favor the South • If the North refused, England would instead recognize the Confederacy • Decided to wait until Lee launched invasion of the North

9. Europe and the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) • When Lincoln makes the war a moral cause – anti-slavery – England must support the North • For Europe, this was no longer just a rebellion. It was a war to preserve human FREEDOM

10. The Role of Napoleon III • Support for Confederacy • In the end, however, Britain would not support the Confederacy and France needed England more. • Mexico • French puppet state • Violation of Monroe Doctrine • Would hope to negotiate borders with Confederacy from that of an Ally, not enemy

11. Russia and the Civil War • Friendly to the North • Distrust of England and France; support for the North shows willingness to oppose the European Super Powers • Unrelated, yet important: Russia wintered ships in American ports where they could be available to counter English naval support

12. Union Blockade leads to Sea Battles • The Confederacy needed to break the Union blockade, which had cut off Virginia's largest cities, Norfolk and Richmond from international trade. • Union blockade highly effective • Reduced cotton exports and munitions imports • Confederacy: use of small, fast high-speed “blockade runners” with small cargo or carrying capacity. • Supported and operated by sympathetic forces from Britain. Royal Navy officers worked for Confederacy • 80% success rate in bypassing the 500-ship strong Union navy

13. Merrimack (Virginia) vs. Monitor • Ironclad warships • Monitor: more maneuverable; Virginia, better defended • Battle finally occurs on March 8–9, 1862, when the Virginia attempted to sail up Elizabeth River • Virginia is no match for Monitor • Clear victory for new technology

14. Homestead Act: Why? • Settle western lands with those of pro-Union sentiment • Keep brisk pace of immigration to northern/free states

15. Homestead Act: May 1862 • 160 acres of undeveloped federal land west of the Mississippi • Three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. • Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government, including freed slaves, could file an application • Requirements: 21 or older and had to live on the land for five years. • Option: After six months of residency, homesteaders also had the option of purchasing the land from the government for $1.25 per acre. • 80 million acres of public land by 1900.

19. Connection to Civil War politics/expansion • Distributing public lands an issue since the Revo War • 1785: Land Ordinance Act • 6-mile square = township • 36 sections, each measuring 1 square mile or 640 acres each. • Sale of public land generated revenue, but later seen as a way to “fill up” empty areas • Originally, $1 per acre for 640 acres. Expensive for farmers, immigrants. Land remained “unimproved”

21. Homestead Act • Evolving economy and demographics, rising prices for corn, wheat, and cotton enabled large, financially stable farmers to force out smaller ventures. • Displaced farmers looked westward for “fair” land policy • Immigrants also dreamt of land • New canals and roadways made movement easier • But, homesteading laws faced opposition on multiple fronts. • Northern factories owners feared a mass departure of their cheap labor force • Southern states worried that rapid settlement of western territories would give rise to new states populated by small farmers opposed to slavery.

22. Homestead Act: Results for the North • Way to ensure territories are firmly attached to UNION • Surplus population. Not everyone is necessary for war effort • Fewer workers = better wages • “Empty Quarter” will fill rapidly, benefit from later improvements (1867) like the Transcontinental Railroad

24. Morrill Land Grant Colleges Act • Purpose? “without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactic, to teach such branches of learning as are related to, in such agriculture and the mechanic arts manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life”

25. Morrill Land Grant Colleges Act • Each eligible state received a total of 30,000 acres of federal land, either within or contiguous to its boundaries, for each member of congress the state had as of the census of 1860. • This land, or the proceeds from its sale, was to be used toward establishing and funding educational institutions • "No State while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the government of the United States shall be entitled to the benefit of this act.”

26. Spirit of the Land Grant College Act

28. Robert E. Lee • Background: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGxKXKgPd0c • Strategic Goal: Remove Union threat from Richmond • Post War • Example of conduct for other thousands of ex-Confederates. • His prestige, both in the North and South, and the devotion inspired by his unconscious symbolism of the "Lost Cause" made his a legendary figure • His application for restoration of citizenship was mislaid, and it was not until the 1970's that it was found and granted.

29. "With all my devotion to the Union, and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relative, my children, my home. I have, therefore, resigned my commission in the Army..." -- Robert E. Lee to his sister, Anne Marshall April 20, 1861 • Do your duty in all things. You cannot do more, you should never wish to do less • I cannot trust a man to control others who cannot control himself. • Whiskey - I like it, I always did, and that is the reason I never use it. • My chief concern is to try to be an humble, earnest Christian. • Obedience to lawful authority is the foundation of manly character. • It is well that war is so terrible -- lest we should grow too fond of it.

30. What does the book say about: Stonewall Jackson James Longstreet Braxton Bragg Other Confederate Generals

31. Union Leadership • Generals • McClellan • Pope • Burnside • Strategy • Border Strategy (Anaconda Plan) • Secure Border States • Invade South; foster rebellion • Demonstrate superior forces; decisive victories

32. Second Battle of Bull Run • August 28–30, 1862 • Offensive campaign waged by Confederacy • "Stonewall" Jackson captured the Union supply depot at Manassas Junction, threatening Union’s line of communications with Washington • Jackson attacked on August 28, 1862. Stalemate. • On that same day, the wing of Lee's army broke through light Union resistance. Confederate victory • Union did not retreat in chaos this time • McClellan is again in charge; Pope re-assigned

33. The Dakota War of 1862(Sioux Uprising -- Minnesota) • Armed conflict with several bands of the eastern Dakota people. Few white settlers harassed, murdered. • Stifled trade -- Increased desire to completely remove Sioux • Background: Treaty violations and inconsistent payments by Indian agents caused hunger and hardship among the Dakota. • In 1862, Minnesota was still a frontier with more than one million Indians. • Rebellion: Many Dakota did not join in, choosing to aid and protect settlers instead. State government hunted down 38 Dakota men; mass hanging. • Result: Most of the remaining Dakota forced to leave Minnesota. For white Minnesotans, their experience of blood and terror negated all promises they had made to the Dakota.

35. Antietam • Over 22,000 men dead and missing in one day of battle • Opening scene from Glory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBD-5acfz8E • Women’s story: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWCPHD99py4 • Walkthrough: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBpX6uP8Y3c&playnext=1&list=PLE7C83A590454B1DA

37. * The total numbers for the battle do not reflect the sum of all three phases due to rounding and approximation

38. Antietam marked the first incursion of General Lee, the southern commander, into the north; and the huge number of war casualties made it possible for President Abraham Lincoln to rethink the opportunities for peace and instead issue the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves from the entire United States. Antietam Battle Statistics At the end of the day September 17,1862, over 25,000 Americans had been killed, wounded or were missing in action. There were more soldiers killed and wounded at Antietam than in the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican War, and Spanish-American War combined.

39. Emancipation Proclamation • Executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln under his war powers. • Proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced. • On September 22, 1862, Lincoln announced that he would issue a formal emancipation of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. • Absolutely changed the purpose of the war • Lincoln also began to discuss an amendment specifically prohibiting slavery • Black men now accepted into the army and navy – eventually 200,000

41. The Emancipation Proclamation: Limitations • The proclamation did not cover the 800,000 slaves in the slave-holding border states. Slaves there were freed by separate state and federal actions. • Tennessee had already mostly returned to Union control, so it also was not named and was exempted. • Virginia was named, but exemptions were specified for the 48 counties that were in the process of forming West Virginia • Also specifically exempted were New Orleans and 13 named parishes of Louisiana, all of which were also already mostly under Federal control at the time of the Proclamation.

42. More Limitations • The Emancipation Proclamation was ridiculed for freeing only the slaves over which the Union had no power. • Proclamation went into immediate effect in Union-occupied areas and at least 20,000 slaves were freed at once on January 1, 1863. • The Proclamation provided the legal framework for the emancipation of nearly all four million slaves as the Union armies advanced, and committed the Union to ending slavery. Controversial decision even in the North. • Slaves escaped to Union lines as the Army units moved South. • Thousands of slaves were freed each day until nearly all were freed by July 1865. • Abolitionists: while the Proclamation had freed most slaves as a war measure, it had not made slavery illegal. • By 1865, several former slave states had already passed legislation prohibiting slavery

45. “Lincoln’s Last Card”