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Civil War: 1862

Civil War: 1862. Union War Strategy: Anaconda Plan. 3 Front Attack 1. Capture Mississippi 2. Blockade Southern Ports 3. Capture Richmond. Changes of Command. Following First Bull Run, General Irvin McDowell is replaced by George McClellan

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Civil War: 1862

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  1. Civil War: 1862

  2. Union War Strategy: Anaconda Plan 3 Front Attack 1. Capture Mississippi 2. Blockade Southern Ports 3. Capture Richmond

  3. Changes of Command • Following First Bull Run, General Irvin McDowell is replaced by George McClellan • Will become Commander of Union Army, replacing Winfield Scott • General Ulysses S. Grant rises to Commander of Army of the Tennessee • Victories at Cairo, IL and Forts Henry and Donelson • “Unconditional Surrender” Grant, but had a reputation for too much drinking

  4. Battle of Shiloh, April 6-7 1862 Grant: 42,000 -Does not dig defense, patrols not sent -Young recruits, not tested in battle -Camped in tents near church when Confederates attack

  5. Shiloh • Day One: Union army panics and retreats • William Tecumseh Sherman saves Union Army by rallying troops • Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston wounded in leg, later dies • Replaced by P.G.T. Beauregard (from Sumter) • Fighting intense at the Hornets Nest

  6. Shiloh Day Two: Union army broke Confederate resistance, Beauregard retreats • Over 13,000 Union casualties • 11,000 Confederate • More Americans killed at Shiloh than in all previous wars combined

  7. “Here beside a great Oak tree I counted the corpses of fifteen men...The blue and gray were mingled together...It was no uncommon thing to see the bodies of Federal and Confederate lying side by side as though they had bled to death while trying to aid each other.” - 16 yr old John Cockerill, Union musician “I saw an open field, so covered with dead that it would have been possible to walk across...in any direction, stepping on dead bodies without a foot touching the ground.” - Grant, after the battle

  8. Aftermath of Shiloh • “I gave up all idea of saving the Union except by complete conquest.” - Grant • Horrendous casualties were shock to both sides, solidifying from Bull Run that the war would not be quick • Rumors of Grant being too drunk to command spread, but Lincoln stands by him

  9. Victories in the West • Fort Henry • Fort Donelson • Nashville • April 6-7, Battle of Shiloh • April 7: Island No. 10. Union forces hold Mississippi River to Memphis • McClellan fails to take action in East • Lincoln demotes to Commander of Army of Potomac to focus on capturing of Richmond (Confederate Capitol)

  10. Peninsula Campaign McClellan demoted to Commander of Army of Potomac to focus on capturing Richmond • McClellan had disdain for Lincoln • “the original gorilla” • “a well meaning baboon” • Lincoln overlooks contempt as long as McClellan brings victories War Order No. 1: Advance and capture Richmond • McClellan waits months to advance offensive! • With Confederate armies (actually just logs painted black to look like cannon) at Manassas, plans for amphibious landing in Va.

  11. Peninsula Campaign, 1862

  12. McClellan landed 112,000 men in Virginia • First objective: Capture Yorktown • Held by Joseph Johnston (famous from Bull Run) • Confederates had only 15,000 men • McClellan stalls! • Extreme caution and erroneous intelligence, McClellan asks for more men • Digs in and lays siege to Yorktown • Confederates march in circles to appear larger! • Johnston abandons Yorktown, but reinforces at Richmond

  13. Confederate Heroes Emerge • Stonewall Jackson embarks on 2 month Shenandoah Campaign to stop reinforcements of McClellan • Only 17,000 men, march over 400 miles in 1 month • Attack Union troops, ravish countryside, and threaten Washington • Lincoln must keep 40,000 to defend Washington • Jeb Stuart: 1200 Cavalry encircled approaching Union troops • Robert E. Lee, commander of Army of Northern Virginia engage in Seven Day’s Battle • Repel assault on Richmond • Confederates suffer greater losses over week of fighting, but repel Union from Richmond • McClellan sacked, replaced by General John Pope (again replaced by McClellan after defeat at Second Manassas)

  14. Antietam September 17, 1862 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjIbFTrqwU8 • Single bloodiest day in American history • 22,717 casualties

  15. Hagerstown Pike

  16. Sunken Road, AKA Bloody Lane

  17. Burnside Bridge

  18. Ambrose Burnside

  19. Impact of Antietam • Mass casualties: 22, 717 • While not a decisive Union victory, enough for Lincoln to use for Emancipation Proclamation • Free slaves held only in Confederate states • No Constitutional authority to do so in Union states • Needed public opinion after victory • Why did Lincoln issue Emancipation? • Tool to win war • Redefine purpose of war • England and France will not support extension of slavery • Abolitionists/Seward influence • Public awareness of carnage: Mathew Brady & Alexander Gardner

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