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SEPARATION PROCESSES CHE 334

SEPARATION PROCESSES CHE 334. Dr. Ayyaz Muhammad Nawaz. Textbook : J. D. Seader , Ernest J. Henley, D. Keith Roper, Separation Process Principles, Wiley, 3 rd edition (2013). ه الرحمن الرح يم. References:

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SEPARATION PROCESSES CHE 334

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  1. SEPARATION PROCESSES CHE 334 Dr. Ayyaz Muhammad Nawaz Textbook:J. D. Seader, Ernest J. Henley, D. Keith Roper, Separation Process Principles, Wiley, 3rd edition (2013). ه الرحمن الرحيم • References: • Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering, V-II, 5th edition, “Particle Technology and Separation Processes” • 2. C.J. King, “Separation Processes” 2nd edition, Mcgraw Hill (1980). • http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1b96n0xv#page-1

  2. Course Outline • Separation Techniques • Phase equilibrium and Phase diagrams • Continuous contact and stage wise processes • Fractional distillation • Gas absorption • Liquid-liquid extraction • Other separation processes.

  3. Introduction to Separation processes • What are separation processes? Separation processes are defined as those operations which transform a mixture of substances into two or more products which differ from each other in composition. • The main goal of separation process is to purify solution, To do this we must cause different transport of species or convection of species so that the purer mixture can be collected.Most separation processes involve differential transport. ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  4. mixed separated Introduction to Separation processes ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  5. Introduction to Separation processes ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  6. Introduction to Separation processes Crude oil ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  7. Introduction to Separation processes • Examples of Separation processes: • Separation of blood. • Purification of drugs. • Purification of Au, Ag, Ti. • Refining of crude oil. • DNA testing. • Purification of organic material. • Purification of water. • Separation of water and waste product of metabolism from blood Kidney ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  8. Introduction to Separation processes • The separation technology involved in crude oil reforming include: • Distillation: Which separates various chemical component according to volatility. • Alkylation: to react small hydrocarbon molecules to create larger hydrocarbon molecules. • Catalytic reforming: which is used to modify the structure of medium sized hydrocarbons. • Fluid catalytic cracking: to break apart very large hydrocarbon molecules. • Hydrocracking: to break apart very large hydrocarbon molecules. ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  9. Introduction to Separation processes • Why Separation? There are many reasons for wanting pure substances. Some of these reasons include: • Need for pure material in engineering applications. • Preparation of raw materials into their component. • Need for pure material for materials processing. • Need to remove toxins or inactive components from solution (drugs) • Need for ultra-pure samples for testing. • Need for analysis of the components of mixture (DNA testing) ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  10. Introduction to Separation processes • Based on these motivation for separations, we can divide separations up into three main areas: Analytical Separation preparative Separation industrial Separation • Small scale • To determine composition of complex mixture quantitative. • Small scale • To recover and purify chemicals • large scale • To manufacture chemicals using separation methods Example: Chromatography Example: Centrifugation Example: Distillation ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  11. Introduction to Separation processes • The list of different existing separations methods is limitless. Therefore we will emphasize the fundamentals of separations. • Note: 50 to 90 percent of capital investment in chemical plant is for separation equipments. ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  12. Time: 120 h Cinitial=450 mg Sr/Kg of dry clay Catholyte: H2SO4 Sr extraction= 86.7% Basic Description of operations • Separation processes can be run in various modes of operation: • Batchwise: no flows • Continuous: continuous flows in and out of separations • Semicontinuous: pauses in flows. • Operations are classified as key operations and auxiliary operations: • Key Operation: involves a change in chemical composition such as: • Chemical reaction • Separation of mixtures of chemicals. • Examples: leaching, distillation, and gas absorption ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  13. Basic Description of operations • Auxiliary Operation: which is required to carry out the key operations • Examples: pumps, heaters, and compressors. ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  14. Basic Description of operations S1 P1 • Block Flow Diagrams indicate: • Key operation by rectangles. • Flows and Streams by lines. F Distillation S2 P2 ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  15. Basic Description of operations • Process Flow Diagrams indicates processes by: Total condenser • Realistic symbols of process equipment. • Including auxiliary operations. Reflux drum Overhead vapor 1 Reflux Distillate 2 Distillation Feed Feed stage Boilup N Stripping section stages Partial reboiler bottoms ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  16. Basic Description of operations • Mechanism of separation: • The mixing of chemicals to form a mixture is a spontaneous, natural process that is accompanied by an increase in entropy or randomness (∆S) • The inverse process (the separation of the mixture into its constituent chemical species) is not spontaneous process, it requires an expenditure of energy. • A mixture to be separated usually originates as a single homogenous phase (solid, liquid, or gas) ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  17. Basic Description of operations • If it exists as two or more immiscible phases, it must be first separate the phases by some mechanical means based on gravity, centrifugal force, pressure reduction, or electric or magnetic field. Then appropriate separation techniques are applied to each phase. • A schematic diagram of general separation process Product 1 Product 2 Feed mixture to be separated (S, L, V, Ci) Separation process Product N-1 Product N ChE 334: Separation Processes Dr Saad Al-Shahrani

  18. Top product (vapor phase) 97.6% Bz 2.4% Tol Feed liq. 50% Bz 50% Tol Distillation Bottom product (liquid phase) 98.6% Tol 1.4% Bz Basic Description of operations • The feed mixture may be vapor, liquid or solid, while the two or more products may differ in composition from each other and the feed may differ in phase state from each other and / or from the feed ChE 334: Separation Processes DrSaad Al-Shahrani

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