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This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the skeletal system, focusing on skeletal cartilages and bone classification. It describes the basic structure and locations of hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilages. The classification of bones into types such as long, short, sesamoid, flat, and irregular is examined, highlighting their shapes and functions. Additionally, it details the roles of bones in supporting body structures, protecting organs, facilitating movement, storing minerals, and forming blood cells. Relevant diagrams aid in visualizing these concepts.
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The Skeletal System Chapter 6 pgs 176-201
Skeletal Cartilages • Basic Structure, Types, and Locations: • Skeletal Cartilages- made from cartilage, surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the perichondrium • Hyaline cartilage- most abundant and includes the articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilages
Skeletal Cartilages • Basic Structure, Types, and Locations: • Elastic cartilages- more flexible than hyaline and are located only in the external ear and the epiglottis of the larynx. • Fibrocartilage- located in areas that must withstand a great deal of pressure or stretch • Knee • Intervertebral discs
Skeletal Cartilages • Growth of Cartilage • Appositional growth results in outward expansion due to the production of cartilage matrix on the outside of the tissue • Interstitial growth results in expansion from within the cartilage matrix due to division of lacunae-bound chondrocytes and secretion of matrix
Classification of Bones • Two main division of the skeleton: • Axial Skeleton- Skull, vertebral column, and the rib cage • Appendicular Skeleton- Bones of the upper and lower limbs, and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/images/Axial_AppendicularSkel.jpg`
Classification of Bones: Bone Shape • Long Bone • Longer than they are wide • Have a definite shaft and two ends • Consist of all limb bones except patellas, carpals, and tarsals. • Short Bone • Somewhat cube-shaped • Include the carpals and tarsals http://www.ganfyd.org/images/4/48/Carpal.PNG http://www.arthursclipart.org/medical/skeletal/long%20bone%20structure.gif
Classification of Bones: Bone Shape • Sesamoid Bone • Special type of short bone that form in a tendon • Example: Patella (knee cap) http://www.healthhype.com/wp-content/uploads/kneecap.jpg
Classification of Bones: Bone Shape • Flat Bone • Thin, flattened, and often curved bones • Include most of the skull bones, the sternum, scapula, and ribs. • Irregular Bone • Have complicated shapes that do not fit into any other class • Vertebrae • Hip http://www.arthursclipart.org/medical/skeletal/page_04.htm
Functions of Bone • Support • Supports soft tissues and provides points of attachment for most skeletal muscles • Protection • Provides protection for the body’s vital organs • Cranial bones protect the brain • Vertebrae protect the spinal cord • Ribcage protects the heart and lungs
Functions of Bone • Movement • Muscles are attached to bones, therefore when muscles contract they cause bones to move • Mineral Storage • Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate • Blood Cell Formation • Most blood cell formation, or hematopoiesis, occurs in the marrow cavities of certain bones
Bone Structure:Gross Anatomy • Bone Markings • Projections- grow outward from the bone surface, are sites of muscle and ligament attachment, and help form joints • Depressions and Openings- Allows blood vessels and nerves to pass and indent the bone • Types of bone markings are listed in Table 6.1 on page 179 http://classes.mst.edu/ide120/lessons/composite/materials/examples/bone_2.gif http://www.labtechindia.net/product/Biology/bl42.jpg
Bone Structure:Gross Anatomy • Bone Textures • Compact Bone- Dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye • Spongy Bone- Internal layer that is a honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae http://www.gla.ac.uk/ibls/US/fab/tutorial/generic/bone2.html
Bone Structure:Gross Anatomy • Epiphyses are at the ends of the bone, and consist of internal spongy bone covered by an outer layer of compact bone. • Structure of a typical long bone • Tubular bone shaft, called the diaphysis, consists of compact bone that surrounds a hollow medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow bone marrow in adults. http://www.teachpe.com/images/anatomy/bone_structure.jpg
Bone Structure:Gross Anatomy • Structure of a typical long bone • Epiphyseal line- located between the diaphysis and each epiphysis, and is a remnant of the epiphysealplate, which is a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone • Periosteum- covers the external surface of the bone • Endosteum- A connective tissue membrane that lines the internal surface of the bone
Bone Structure:Gross Anatomy Figure 6.4 page 181 • Structure of Short, Flat, and Irregular Bones • Consist of thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside and endosteum-covered spongy bone inside
Bone Structure:Gross Anatomy • Location of Hematopoietic Tissue in Bones • Hematopoietic tissue of bones= red bone marrow • Located within the trabecular cavities of the spongy bone in flat bones and in the epiphyses of long bones. • Found in all flat bones, epiphyses, and medullary cavities of infants • In adults, distribution is restricted to flat bones and the proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/images/Marrow.jpg
