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Principles of Disease Control

Principles of Disease Control. Your Job Helps Patients Have a Safe Recovery. www.cf.edu. www.wdt.edu. Nosocomial Infections. Infectious diseases that are acquired within hospitals or other healthcare facilities Includes infections that appear within 14 days of hospital discharge

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Principles of Disease Control

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  1. Principles of Disease Control

  2. Your Job Helps Patients Have a Safe Recovery www.cf.edu www.wdt.edu

  3. Nosocomial Infections • Infectious diseases that are acquired within hospitals or other healthcare facilities • Includes infections that appear within 14 days of hospital discharge • Iatrogenic infections – “physician-induced” • Caused by healthcare personnel www.normeditec.com

  4. Who Are the Culprits? • Which pathogens are usually involved in nosocomial infections? • Gram-positive Cocci • Staphylococcus aureus • Coagulase-negative staphylococci • Enterococcus spp. • Gram-negative Bacilli • Escherichia coli • Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Enterobacter spp. • Klebsiella spp.

  5. Drug-Resistant Bacteria • Often become evident due to frequent use of antimicrobial agents • Emerge due to selective pressures • Those that are not affected by antimicrobial agents survive and thrive while those that are die • Survival of the fittest microbes • Viruses (i.e. HIV), fungi (Candida spp.), protozoa (malarial parasites) www.who.int/entity/drugresistance/malaria

  6. How do bacteria become resistant?

  7. Most Common Types of Nosocomial Infections • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) • Surgical wound infections • Lower respiratory infections (i.e. pneumonia) • Bloodstream infections (septicemia) • Gastrointestinal diseases caused by Clostridium difficile. Clostridium difficile. www.wellcome.ac.uk

  8. Who is Most Likely to Develop Nosocomial Infections? www.waitakere.govt.nz

  9. What is most important thing to do to reduce the number of nosocomial infections?

  10. Infection Control

  11. Medical Asepsis • “clean technique” • Involves procedures and practices that reduce the number and transmission of pathogens • Would this be an example of disinfection or sterilization?

  12. Surgical Asepsis • “sterile technique” • Procedures that aim to make and keep objects and areas sterile. • What might a surgical technician do to get ready for a surgery? • What might a surgical technician do to get a patient ready for surgery?

  13. Standard Precautions • Defined by CDC • Follow standard precautions for all patients • Aim to reduce the transmission of bloodborne and other pathogens in hospitals through bodily fluids www.cdc.gov

  14. Handwashing • Most important and basic technique in preventing and controlling infections and preventing the transmission of pathogens • Wash between patients • Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-1865) • “Father of Handwashing” www.general-anaesthesia.com www.zol.be

  15. Gloves • Worn when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and when touching mucous membranes or nonintact skin www.safecare-gloves.com

  16. Masks, Eye Protection, Face Shields, and Gowns • Are often worn when procedures or activities may result in splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions www.newtonsafety.com

  17. Additional Standard Precautionary Measures • Patient-Care Equipment • Environmental Control • Linens • Occupational Health and Bloodborne Pathogens • Patient Placement

  18. Standard Precautions www.uow.edu.au

  19. Transmission-Based Precautions • 5 Main Routes of Transmission of Pathogens • 1. Contact (direct or indirect contact) • 2. Airborne • 3. Droplet • 4. Vehicular • 5. Vectors

  20. Transmission-Based Precautions • Airborne Precautions • Droplet Precautions • Contact Precautions Spread of tuberculosis by droplet nuclei. pathport.vbi.vt.edu Infection spread by droplets. www.leighbrodie.com Infection spread by direct contact. www.cse.unsw.edu.au

  21. Types of Isolation • Source Isolation • Isolating patients with infectious diseases to prevent spreading disease • Protective Isolation • Isolating patients who are immunosuppressed to avoid disease

  22. Infection Control Programs • All healthcare facilities have infection control programs that strive to prevent the presence and spread of infectious diseases.

  23. The importance of your role in a healthcare setting www.southeasttech.edu

  24. Chemotherapy • Use of any chemical (drug) to treat any disease or condition • Chemotherapeutic Agent– any drug used to treat any condition or disease

  25. Antimicrobial Agents • Any chemotherapeutic agent used to treat infectious diseases • Inhibits or kills pathogen in vivo (in living organism) • Antibacterial agents • Antibiotics • Semisynthetic antibiotics • Antifungal agents • Antiprotozoal agents • Antiviral agents

  26. Antibacterial Agents • Sulfonamide Drugs • Inhibit production of folic acid. • Drug mimics another molecule that is used to produce folic acid. • Penicillin • In most gram-positive bacteria, interferes with the synthesis and cross-linking of peptidoglycan in cell wall. • Narrow-spectrum Antibiotics • Kills either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. • Broad-spectrum Antibiotics • Can kill both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

  27. Why would antifungal and antiprotozoal agents be more toxic to the host?

  28. The End

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