Hypothetical Chief Complaint

1. Hypothetical Chief Complaint “ I have left nipple swelling”

2. History of Present Illness 75 y.o. male was noted to have a painful left nipple swelling on 3/15/06. The nurse noted that it was an easily palpable lump, with tenderness upon palpation. A surgical consult was sought, and suggested to perform mammogram and ultrasound.

3. Past Medical History • Dementia • HTN • GERD • Past Surgical History • s/p cholecystectomy • s/p peg (12/05)

4. Medications • Metoprolol 25 mg BID • Senna 8.6 mg QHS • Ranatidine 150 mg BID • Seraquil 25 mg BID • Aricept 5 mg QHS • Tyenol 160mg/5mL Q 6 hours (PRN) • MVI

5. Allergies: NKDA Social History: No smoking, drinking, or drugs Family History: No history of cancers

6. VS: T: 98.2 P: 80 RR: 16 BP: 100/50 Gen: AAO x 3, NAD HEENT: NC/AT, PERRLA, EOMI, no LAD, OP clear Neck: supple, no thyromegaly Chest: CTA b/l, + aw entry, + left breast mass, palpable at about 12 o’clock, + tenderness on palpation CV: S1S2 nl, RRR Abd: soft, NT/ND, + BS, no HSM Extremities: WINL Neuro: no focal neurological deficit, AAO x 3

7. Labs • WBC: 7.9 Mg: 1.8 • H/H: 11.7/39.8 Phosphorus: 2.8 • Platelets: 275 Coags: 11.2/25.4/.7 • Na: 139 CXR: NAPD • K: 4.1 EKG: NSR @ 100 BPM • Cl:107 • HCO3: 29 • BUN: 25 • Cr: 0.9 • Glucose: 78 • Ca: 8.9

8. Radiographic Labs • Mammogram • Right breast is fatty with some retroareolar densities probably representing mild gynecomastia • Density of left breast, which can represent gynecomastia, but mass can’t be excluded • U/S indicated and open excision • Impression: • Changes consistent with gynecomastia • R/O mass in left breast approximately at 2 o’clock • BI-RADS Score • Right breast: # 2 • Left breast: #0

9. Radiographic Labs • Ultrasound of Left Breast • In the periareolar region at 12 o’clock, 1-2, 3, 4-5 and 6 positions, hypoechoic density is seen, some borders have mass effect. • There is a slight vascularity within the lesion, which measures 1.5 x .69 cm in the radial plane and 1.49 cm in the anteradial plane • Some compression is seen consistent with gynecomastia • BI-RADS Score: • Left Breast: #3

10. Radiographic Labs • Left Core Biopsy of Breast Mass • Breast tissue showing extensive foci of atypical ductal hyperplasia in the background of gynecomastia.

11. Breast Cancer Marcella A. Escoto St. Barnabas Scholar MS III

12. Breast Cancer • Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the U.S. • It is the second most common cause of cancer death in women. • Lastly, it is the main cause of death in women ages 45 to 55. • However, male breast cancer is rare in contrast to female breast cancer.

13. Epidemiology • Breast cancer is 100 times more common in females than males. • In males, breast cancer accounts for <1% of all breast cancer cases in the U.S. and ~0.1% of cancer mortality in men. • The American Cancer Society estimated that 1,450 men would have been diagnosed with breast cancer in U.S. and 470 would die from this disease in year 2004. • The incidence of male breast cancer, once thought to be relatively stable, now seems substantially to be increasing, that has increased from 0.86 to 1.06 per 100,000 population over the last 26 years. • The median age of onset in males is 65-67 years of age. • In females, it is estimated that approximately 211,240 American women would have been diagnosed with breast cancer in year 2005, and 40,410 women would have died. • Breast cancer rates increased by 1.2% per year between 1940 and 1980. • However, the median age of onset in females is 45-50 years of age, around 10 years younger than males.

14. Back to Basics…ANATOMY • Basic Structure • Composed of glandular, fibrous, and adipose tissue. • Lies within layers of superficial pectoral fascia. • Each mammary gland consists of approximately 15 to 20 lobules, each of which has a lactiferous duct that opens on the areola. • The breast has ligaments that extends from the deep pectoral fascia to the superficial dermal fascia that provide structural support referred to as Cooper’s ligaments. • The skin dimpling in breast cancer is due to traction on Cooper’s ligaments. • The breast frequently extends into axilla as the axillary tail of Spence. • The breast is also partitioned into 4 quadrants by vertical and horizontal lines across the nipple: • Upper inner quadrant (UIQ) • Lower inner quadrant (LIQ) • Upper outer quadrant (UOQ) • Lower outer quadrant (LOQ)

15. Breast Anatomy

16. Quadrants of the Breast

17. Blood and Nerve Supply to the Breast • Blood Supply • Arterial • It is supplied by the axillary artery via the lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial branches • The internal mammary artery via its perforating branches • Adjacent intercostal arteries • Venous • It tends to follow the arterial supply; axillary, internal mammary, and intercostal veins • The axillary vein is responsible for the majority of venous drainage • The venous drainage is largely responsible for metastases to the spine through Batson’s plexus. • Nerve Supply • The breast is supplied by 4 main nerves: • Long thoracic nerve • Thoracodorsal nerve • Medial and lateral pectoral nerves • Intercostobrachial nerve

18. Lymphatic Drainage to the Breast • The lymphatic drainage of the breast is important because of its role in the metastasis of breast cancer. • Lymph tends to pass from the nipple, areola, and lobules of the gland to the subareolar lymphatic plexus. • Most lymph (more than 75%), especially from the lateral quadrants drain to the axillary lymph nodes. • The axillary lymph nodes are sub-divided into levels: • Level I (low): lateral border of pectoralis minor • Level II (middle): deep to pectoralis minor • Level III (high): medial border of pectoralis minor • Rotter’s node: these nodes lie between the pectoralis major and minor muscles. • Most of the remaining lymph, particularly from the medial quadrants, drains to the parasternal nodes or to the opposite breast, while lymph from the lower quadrants passes deeply to the inferior phrenic nodes.

19. Back to Basics….ANATOMY

20. Females Early menarche Late menopause Nulliparity or 1st pregnancy >30 y.o.a. White race Old age Family history of breast cancer Genetic predisposition (BRCA 1, BRCA 2, Li Fraumeni Syndrome) Prior personal history of breast cancer DCIS or LCIS Atypical ductal or lobular hyperplasia Males Testicular Abnormalities Undescended testes Congenital inguinal hernia Orchitis Testicular injury Infertility Positive family history Klinefelter Syndrome Elevated endogenous estrogen Previous irradiation Trauma Jewish ancestry Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

21. Screening for Breast Cancer • Breast screening is a method of detecting breast cancer at a very early age. • There are several methods for to screen for breast cancer, and it can begin at a very early age. • The simple ways to begin to screen for breast cancer are: • Breast Self Examination • Mammography • Ultrasound*

22. Breast Self Examination • Breast Self Examination • All women should perform a self breast examination monthly after the menstrual period, when breast swelling and fibrocystic changes are less likely to interfere with the detection of a lump or mass. • This is also followed by a yearly clinical breast exam. • HOW TO DO THE EXAM • First, lift your right hand and place it behind your head. • Keep the first 3 fingers of your hand firmly together. • Press the outermost point of your right breast (near armpit) firmly in a little circular motion with the pads of your fingers. Then continue in a large circle all around your breast. • Move your finger an inch closer to the nipple and feel another circle around the breast. Continue circling until you have felt every part of the breast, including the nipple. • Squeeze the nipple gently to see if any fluid comes out. • Now change hands and repeat the procedure for the other breast.

23. Breast Self Exam (BSE)

24. Mammography 2. Mammogram • Mammograms are the most important tools doctors have to diagnose and evaluate women who have breast cancer. • It tends to identify 5 cancers/ 1,000 women • It is 85-90% sensitive • Gives false positives 10%, false negatives 6-8% • Mammograms are more useful in ages >30 secondary to the large proportion of fibrous tissue in younger women’s breast make more difficult to interpret. • Recommendation for annual mammograms start at the age of 40; however, women with risk factors for breast carcinoma should have ~ yearly mammograms at an earlier age. • The American College of Radiology Diagnostic Code interprets the mammograms from negative to highly suggestive of malignancy.

25. Mammography American College of Radiology Diagnostic Code BI-RADS SCORE • 0: incomplete assessment, needs additional imaging • 1: negative • 2: benign finding • 3: probably benign – recommend short term follow up • 4: suspicion abnormality – consider biopsy • 5: highly suggestive of malignancy

26. Ultrasonography • Ultrasound is frequently used to evaluate breast abnormalities that are found with screening mammography or during a physician performed breast examination. • Ultrasound allows significant freedom in obtaining images of the breast from almost any direction. • However, it is not FDA approved as a screening tool for breast cancer. Yet, it is used as a first tool in women under 30 years of age when a breast abnormality is found secondary to the large amount of fibrous tissue found in women of this age. • Advantages: • They are good for identifying cystic disease • Can assist in therapeutic aspiration • It has excellent contrast resolution • Disadvantages: • It lacks spatial resolution (fine detail) • It cannot detect most calcium deposits on breast tumors • It cannot document how much breast tissue has been imaged • Will not identify lesions <1cm

27. Diagnostic Tools for Breast Cancer • While physical breast exam, mammography, ultrasound, and other breast imaging methods can help detect a breast abnormality, biopsy followed by pathological analysis is the only definitive way to determine if cancer is present. • Depending on a number of factors, including how suspicious the abnormality appears; the size, the shape and the location of the abnormality many different methods of biopsy can be performed, such as: • Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNA) • Core Needle Biopsy • Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy (Mammatome or MIBB) • Large Core Surgical (ABBI) • Open Surgical (Excisional or Incisional)

28. Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy • Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNA) • It is a percutaneous (“through the skin”) procedure that uses a fine gauge needle (22 or 25 gauge) and a syringe to sample fluid from a breast cyst or remove clusters of cells from a solid mass. • Advantages: • Fastest and easiest method of biopsy, where the results are easily available. • It is excellent for confirming breast cysts • Has a low morbidity • Only 1-2% false-positive rate • Disadvantages: • The procedure only removes very small samples of tissues or cells from breast • If the sample is benign fluid, then the procedure is ideal. However, if the tissue is solid or a cloudy sample, the small number of cells removed by FNA only allow for a cytologic (cell) diagnosis. • False negatives rate up to 10% • May miss deep masses

29. Core Needle Biopsy 2. Core Needle Biopsy • It is also a percutaneous procedure that involves removing small samples of breast tissue using a hollow “core” needle. • This procedure is usually for palpable lesions. • It differs from FNA in that is also uses a larger gauge needle (16,14 or 11). • Advantages: • Core needle biopsy usually allows for a more accurate assessment of a breast mass than FNA because the larger core needle usually removes enough tissue for the pathologist to evaluate abnormal cells. • Disadvantages: • Still a chance of sampling error • Again, like FNA it only removes a sample of the mass and not the entire area of concern.

30. Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy 3. Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy (Mammotome) • This is a relatively new biopsy that is percutaneous procedure that relies on stereotactic mammography or ultrasound imaging. • Stereotactic mammography involves using computers to pinpoint the exact location of a breast mass based on mammograms taken from two different angles. • Vacuum-assisted biopsy is minimally invasive procedure that allows for the removal of multiple tissue samples. • It has been becoming more common that open surgical biopsies due to its advantages. • Advantages: • Minimally invasive • Usually no significant scarring • Does not require stitches • No breast deformity • Procedure takes less than hour • Cost effective

31. Large Core Surgical 4. Large Core Surgical (ABBI) • It is a surgical technique that involves removing an entire intact breast lesion under image guidance. • It requires the use of a prone biopsy table and a stereotactic mammography. • It can remove 5 mm to 20 mm of breast tissue. • However, this technique is not widely accepted and has bought controversy secondary to that in large core biopsy it requires the removal of a significant portion of normal breast tissue just to reach the lesion.

32. Open Surgical Biopsy 5. Open Surgical Biopsy • Traditional open surgical biopsy is the gold standard to which other methods of breast biopsies are compared. • It tends to require a 1.5 cm to 2 cm incision in the breast. • Excisional Biopsy: The surgeon will attempt to completely remove the area of concern, often along with the surrounding margin of normal breast tissue. • Incisional Biopsy: Similar to excisional biopsy except that the surgeon removes only part of the breast lesion, usually performed on large lesions. • Advantages: • Yields the largest breast tissue sample of all breast biopsy methods • Gold standard – the accuracy is close to 100% for a diagnosis • Disadvantages: • Requires stitches and leaves a scar • Chances of bleeding, infection, or problems with wound healing • Mortality risk associated with anesthesia

33. Staging of Breast Cancer • TNM Staging for Breast Cancer • Tx: Cannot assess primary tumor • T0: No evidence of primary tumor • T1: </= 2 cm • T2: </= 5 cm • T3: > 5cm • T4: any size, with direct extension into the chest wall or with skin edema or ulceration • Nx: Cannot assess lymph nodes • N0: No nodal metastasis • N1: Movable ipsilateral axillary nodes • N2: Fixed ipsilateral axillary nodes • N3: Ipsilateral internal mammary nodes • Mx: Cannot assess metastasis • M0: No metastasis • M1: Distant metastasis or supraclavicular nodes

34. Staging System for Breast Cancer

35. Treatment • The primary goal of local therapy is to provide optimal control of the disease in the breast and regional tissue while providing the best possible cosmetic result. • The different types of treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, adjuvant endocrine therapy, or a combination of modalities.

36. Surgical Treatment • The optimal surgical approach is determined by the following factors: • Disease stage • Tumor size • Tumor location • Breast size and configuration • Number of tumors in the breast

37. Surgical Treatment • Radical mastectomy: Resection of all breast tissue, axillary nodes, and pectoralis major and minor muscles. • Modified radical mastectomy: Same as radical mastectomy except pectoralis muscles left intact. • Simple mastectomy: Resection of all the breast tissue, except pectoralis muscle left intact and no axillary node dissection. • Lumpectomy and axillary node dissection: Resection of mass with rim of normal tissue and axillary node dissection – good cosmetic result. • Sentinel node biopsy: Recently developed alternative to complete axillary node dissection. • Lymph nodes are identified on pre-operative scintigraphy and blue dye is injected in the periareolar area. • Axilla is opened and inspected for blue and/or “hot” nodes identified by a gamma probe. • When sentinel node is positive, an axillary dissection is completed. • When sentinel node is negative, axillary dissection is not performed unless axillary lymphadenopathy identified.

38. Breast Cancer • There are many different types of breast cancers, and they can be distinguished by the following: • Infectious/Inflammatory Disease • Mastitis • Fat Necrosis • Benign Disease • Fibroadenoma • Cystosarcoma Phyllodes • Intraductal Papilloma • Gynecomastia • Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia • Pre-Malignant Disease • Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) • Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) • Malignant Disease • Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma • Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma • Paget Disease (of the Nipple)

39. Infectious/Inflammatory Breast Disease • Mastitis: • It is usually caused by S. aureus or Streptococcus spp. • It commonly occurs during early weeks of breast feeding, in which there is focal tenderness with erythema and warmth of overlapping skin. • Diagnosis: Ultrasound can be used to localize an abscess • Treatment: Continue breast feeding and recommend breast pump as an alternative. • If cellulitis would perform wound care and IV antibiotics, and if abscess would do incision and drainage followed by IV antibiotics. • Fat Necrosis • It usually presents as a firm, irregular mass of varying tenderness, with a history of a local trauma elicited in 50% of patients. • The exam represents irregular mass with no discrete borders that may or may not be tender. • Diagnosis and Treatment: Excisional biopsy with pathologic evaluation for carcinoma.

40. Mastitis Fat Necrosis

41. Benign Breast Disease • Fibroadenoma • It is a fibrous stroma surrounds duct-like epithelium and forms a benign tumor that is grossly smooth, white, and well-circumscribed. • It typically more common in blacks, and occurs in the late teens to early 30’s. • This disease is also estrogen-sensitive, which has increased tenderness during pregnancy. • The breast exam shows smooth, discrete, circular and mobile mass • Diagnosis: FNA • Treatment: Observation

42. Benign Breast Disease • Cystosarcoma Phyllodes • It is a variant of fibroadenoma, in which the majority are benign • The patients tend to present later than those with fibroadenoma • They tend to be indistinguishable from fibroadenoma by ultrasound or mammogram, but can only be distinguished on their histologic features (phyllodes has more mitotic activity). • The breast exam shows large, freely movable mass with overlying skin changes. • Diagnosis: Biopsy with pathologic evaluation • Treatment: • Small Tumors: Wide local excision with a least a 1 cm margin • Larger Tumors: Simple mastectomy

43. Cystosarcoma Phyllodes

44. Benign Breast Disease • Intraductal Papilloma • It is a benign local proliferation of ductal epithelial cells, that has unilateral serosanguineous or bloody nipple discharge. • Patients usually present with subareolar mass and/or spontaneous nipple discharge. • In examination one must radially compress breast to determine which lactiferous duct express fluid • Diagnosis: Definitive diagnosis by pathologic evaluation of resected specimen. • Treatment: Excise affected duct

45. Benign Breast Disease • Gynecomastia • It is the development of female-like breast tissue in males, which can either be physiologic or pathologic. • There is at least a 2 cm of excess subareolar breast tissue present to make the diagnosis. • The causes can be medications, illicit drugs, liver failure, increased estrogen, and/or decreased testosterone. • Treatment: Treat underlying cause if specific cause identified; if normal physiology is responsible, only surgical excision.

46. Benign Breast Disease • Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia (ADH) • It is the name given to a condition that can occur in the lining of the milk ducts in the breast. • This typically is benign in both males and females but can be at risk for developing cancer; hence, further studies are needed. • In women, this disease rarely proceeds on towards cancer, and it is not cancer. • In men however, when ADH is diagnosed with a background of gynecomastia there is a 4-5 times increased risk for the development of invasive breast carcinoma. • Diagnosis: Biopsy • Treatment: Observation, or surgical resection

47. Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia

48. Pre-Malignant Disease • Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) • It is the proliferation of ductal cells that spread through the ductal system but lack the ability to invade the basement membrane. It arises from the inner layer of epithelial cells in major ducts. • More than ½ the cases occur after menopause, in which there is a palpable mass some of the times. • Diagnosis: Clustered microcalcifications on mammogram, malignant epithelial cells in breast duct on biopsy. • Risk of invasive cancer: There is increased risk in ipsilateral breast, usually same quadrant; where infiltrating ductal carcinoma is most common histologic type. • Treatment: • If small (< 2 cm): Lumpectomy with either close follow-up or radiation • If large (> 2 cm): Lumpectomy with 1 cm margins and radiation • If breast diffusely involved: Simple mastectomy

49. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

50. Pre-Malignant Disease • Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) • It is a multi-focal proliferation of acinar and terminal ductal cells, which arises from cells of the terminal duct-lobular unit. • The vast majority of the cases occur prior to menopause, and one usually does not feel a palpable mass. • Diagnosis: Typically a clinically occult lesion; undetectable by mammogram and incidental on biopsy. • Risk of invasive cancer: There is an equally increased risk in either breast, infiltrating ductal carcinoma; associated with simultaneous LCIS in the contralateral breast in over ½ the cases. • Treatment: None, bilateral mastectomy an option if patient is at high risk.