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Turning Points

Turning Points. Revolutions. Agricultural Revolution Change – Hunting-Gathering to Farming. 10,000 BC – 5000 BC Early River Civilizations (Fertile Crescent) Causes: glacial melt (wooly mammoth die), need steady food supply

justin-clark
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Turning Points

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  1. Turning Points Revolutions

  2. Agricultural RevolutionChange – Hunting-Gathering to Farming • 10,000 BC – 5000 BC • Early River Civilizations (Fertile Crescent) • Causes: glacial melt (wooly mammoth die), need steady food supply • Results: settle along rivers (silt, irrigation), increased populations, govt., new technology (new stone tools), religious buildings (ziggurats), wheels (pottery)

  3. Protestant Reformation 1517 – Central Europe (Germany – England)

  4. Protestant Reformation • Causes: decrease power of Catholic Church (crusades failure, rising power of monarchs who angry at Catholic Church’s control – Henry VIII), abuses of church (indulgences, simony, lay investiture, wealth used wrongly), humanism (questioning spirit) • Key Players – Martin Luther – 95 Theses (vernacular bible); John Calvin – predestination; Gutenberg’s printing press • Results: ended unity of Christianity, gave rise to movements to end “divine right” concept of kings (enlightenment) and sparked interest in non-Church controlled science (scientific revolution)

  5. Commercial RevolutionChange from barter economy to money economy • 1520-1650 – Europe • Cause: increase power of middle class (bourgeoisie) and interest in trade (tax for military), urbanization, need for raw materials, competition btw monarchs • Results: banks, joint-stock companies, exploration, capitalism, mercantilism (desiring favorable balance of trade with access to bullion or capital) • Key Players: Medici, Vasco da Gama, Magellan, Dutch East India Company

  6. Scientific RevolutionChange – Knowledge based on Church to knowledge based on inquiry • 1550-1700 (Europe – especially France, Italy and Poland) • Causes: decline of Church as dominating force (Protestant Reformation), Renaissance humanism, increased commercial interests (Age of Exploration and Imperialism) • Results: new technologies, rise of secularism (created spirit for enlightenment)

  7. Key Players in Scientific Rev. • Francis Bacon – Scientific Method • Copernicus – heliocentric model of universe • Galileo – proved Copernicus through telescope (charged with heresy) • Vesalius – studies anatomy through dissection • Priestley – nature of oxygen and gas • Newton – calculus and laws of motion

  8. Agrarian Revolution Landless Farmers – need new job and new home (move to cities) • 1600s Enclosure Mvmt. – by 1700s more popular in England Food Surplus 1701 – Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill 1720s Good Weather in England • 1730 – Townshend suggest clover for crop rotation

  9. Results of Agrarian Revolution

  10. Industrial Revolutions Cause & Effects

  11. Textile Industry Flying Shuttle (Kay) 1733 Spinning Jenny (Hargreaves) 1764 Water-Powered Loom – Cartwright 1784 Need to Clothe the New Numbers of Naked People India’s Market Can Not Keep Up – 1840s Buy from America Need More Cotton 1793 Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

  12. America uses more slaves to keep up with labor demands America has civil war over abuse of slaves Europe can not get cotton during civil war turn to Africa (Egypt) Scramble for Africa – Divide up Continent in 1884

  13. Power

  14. Feminism (suffrage) New Labor Forces (children & women Factories Labor Unions Industrial Pollution Factory Act Health Boards 1848 Revolutions Charles Dickens/ Karl Marx Pasteur discovers germs HealthCodes

  15. Green RevolutionChange in Planting • 1940s – India and Mexico • Causes: Bengal Famine (1943) – 4 million people died (cash crop economies), not enough food to feed increasing populations • Results: new technology (irrigation systems, cloning, genetically modified foods, herbicides, pesticides), increased food outputs; lower bio-diversity, shifting wealth

  16. Political Revolutions

  17. Glorious RevolutionChange from somewhat absolutism to constitutional monarchy • 1688 – England • Causes: monarchs becoming increasingly absolutist despite Magna Carta (1215) and Parliament (controlled tax). • James I thought he ruled by divine right. • Charles I disbanded Parliament after agreeing to “Petition of Rights” to get money and then ripping it up. • Civil war – King vs. Parliament (headed by Oliver Cromwell) – Charles I beheaded, Cromwell creates commonwealth • Charles II restored to power – no heir • James II new monarch – but Catholic – protestant Parliament refuse to recognize James II’s son as heir – he disbands parliament. • Parliament asks William and Mary of Orange to take over government, James II flees (bloodless coup) • Result: William and Mary grant parliament “English Bill of Rights”

  18. French RevolutionChange from absolutism to constitutional monarchy 1789-1799 Causes: absolutism of Louis XVI; American and English Example*, enlightened philosophers, economic disaster (wars, Palace of Versailles), Estates General disbanded (3rd estate – all tax, no representation)

  19. Napoleon Bonaparte Directory 3. Moderate Pattern of Revolution 4. Leader 2. Radical Reign of Terror, Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre, guillotine Tennis Court Oath, Declaration of Rights of Man 1. Moderate

  20. Results of French Revolution • Declaration of Rights of Man • Napoleonic Code • Increased Nationalism • Grand Empire (except England and Russia – scorched earth policy) • Ends with limited monarchy and social unrest “When France Sneezes Europe Catches a Cold” – 1848 unrests

  21. Mexican Revolution – 1810Change from imperialism to nationalism Cause: Spanish control over Latin America weakened when Bonaparte defeated, American Revolutionary example, social unrest causes by encomienda system (peninsulares had power, not mestizos or native americans) Key Players – Hidalgo (creole priest – stirred up mestizos), Iturbide becomes president forced Spain to sign Treaty of Cordoba, Santa Anna (period of instability in government – “emperor” presidents. Result – political freedom from Spain, but not social equality – no Bill of Rights, economics still dominated by European and American mercantalism/cash crops.

  22. Bolshevik or “Russian” RevolutionChange autocracy to communism - 1917 • Causes: Czar Nicholas II (Romanov) was autocrat – created Duma (legislative body) but disbanded it; helped cause WW1 – but had not supplied troops – massive losses at Battle of Tanneburg Forest to Germans; poverty of people – both as peasant/serfs and newly industrialized peoples. • (History of Loss – Crimean War 1855, Russo-Japanese War 1905)

  23. Bolshevik Revolution (cont) • Key Person – Lenin with slogan “Peace, Land & Bread” w/Trotsky leading Red Guard overthrew government – Marxists • Results: Nicholas II killed, Lenin signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (ceding Poland and northeastern territories to Germany – leaves war), civil war between Whites (republican and non-socialists) and Reds; introduces “War Communism” (stringent price control, forced labor) – which will lead to famines and depopulation of cities;

  24. Chinese Communist Revolution • 1927-1950 • Causes: • 1911 – Sun Yat Sen overthrew Qing dynasty (blaming it for losses in Opium War) • 1927 – Chiang Kai-Shek followed Sun as leader of Kuomintang party – supported nationalism and democratic ideals. Mao Zedong supported by peasants was communist. • 1934 – Chiang forces Mao on a Long March – many communist killed • WW2 – unite to fight Japan

  25. Results of Chinese Revolution • Mao dominates supported by USSR. • Establishes Cultural Revolution to get rid of opposition. • Establishes Great Leap Forward – communes, heavy industry

  26. Iranian Revolution - 1979 Causes: British and Soviets put Shah Reza Pahlavi in place to avoid Iran joining Nazis. Shah favored secularization and modernization – used autocratic methods (like Ataturk – forbid eastern clothing, etc.); economics dominated by foreigners like US Key Terms: Ayatollah Khomeini (shiite caliph) promoted reactionary Islamic fundamentalism; Iran Hostage Crisis – Islamic students captured 52 US citizens in Tehran held them for 444 days (turned over on day Reagan came to office) Results: established an Islamic Fundamental State in Iran – Shariah laws, anti-western philosophy.

  27. Collapse of USSR – 1989/1991 • Cause – economic collapse after arms and space race; Gorbachev’s perestroika (limited privatization) and glasnost (freedom of speech – Chernobyl) • Events – Fall of Berlin Wall • Results – Unification of Germany, creation of 15 countries, economic problems for eastern Europe, Eastern European nations want to be part of Nato and EU.

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