Chapter 8: The Civil War

1. Chapter 8: The Civil War Chapter Notes 1/9/14

2. 1858-MN becomes a state • At this time, Americans think of the nation in 2 parts: the North and the South • Many similarities and many differences • North: big cities, big factories & small farms producing enough food for a growing pop. • South: few large cities & factories; slow growing pop.; farms grow many crops; 3 main crops: tobacco, sugar, cotton

3. WHAT WAS DRIVING A WEDGE BETWEEN THEM? SLAVERY

4. DIVISIONS OF NORTH & SOUTH • Who could vote in the U.S. at this time? • Because there weren’t many industries in the South, they couldn’t attract a lot of workers. • Population in the North increased, and the South stayed the same • Problem! • South wanted to balance slave and free states • Issue: slavery expanding to new states and territories

5. SLAVERY & ABOLITION • Slaves in North America in 1619 • Abolitionist: someone who wants to get rid of slavery • Many in the North worried that if slavery spread, it would be harder for free whites to find work • MN Territory 1849-1858: Slavery illegal • MN State 1858 • Constitutional ban on slavery • Slavery did exist (>25 people) • Slaves brought by: • Army • Govt. workers • Visitors • Few who moved to MN • Most MN against slavery by 1860

6. ROAD TO CIVIL WAR • Manifest Destiny=problem • Slave states vs. Free states • Many compromises in Congress • Missouri Compromise • CA=free; UT & NM slave territories • No slave trade in DC • Fugitive slave laws • Kansas-Nebraska • “Bleeding Kansas” • 1854: Whig Party break-off to form Republican party • 1860: 1st Republican President=Lincoln • 1860: South Carolina secedes from Union • Starts Civil War

7. CIVIL WAR & AFTERMATH • North • Advantages: population, money, industries, allies • Disadvantages: land, long supply and communication lines • South • Advantages: trained generals/military leadership, land • Disadvantages: needed more resources, allies • Civil War • 4 years • 1,000,000 casualties • Emancipation Proclamation: freed all slaves in US • Shifted goal of war to ending slavery • Renewed hope in Union soldiers—win war in 1865 • Congress passes 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

8. Chapter 8: The Civil War Chapter Notes 1/9/14

9. Land of the Free? • Before 1800, people all over had slaves • North changed because they came around to thinking it was morally wrong and found it was unprofitable for them • Southern farmers needed cheap labor for their plantations; ex. picking cotton • New cotton plant + invention of cotton gin = $$$ • Northerners didn’t want slavery to spread to the West as new states came

10. Differences between the North and the South in the years before the war? • North • Big cities, big factories, and farms that produced food and goods for a growing pop. • Slavery not allowed • South • Few large cities and factories, fewer railroad • Slow growing pop. • Slavery allowed

11. SIDEBAR: Dred & Harriet Scott • Brought to Ft. Snelling in MN (free state) • When owner went back to MO (slave state) he took the Scotts with him • Scotts sued: since they had lived in a free territory, they should be free • 11 yrs in court--> U.S. Supreme Court decided they were property and not citizens and that their owner, a U.S. citizen, couldn’t be deprived of his property

12. How did people in MN react to slavery and the visiting Eliza Winston? • 1860-MN had mixed feelings • Eliza Winston—slave for a Southern family who came to MN on vacation for a visit • MN was a free state • Met with freed African American couple who contacted a judge • She was taken into custody that night with the judge ruling the next day she was free

13. Home of the Brave • 1860 election—Rep. Abraham Lincoln • Southerners saw it as a threat to their way of life as they depended on slavery • Southern states seceded to form the Confederate States of America • Lincoln refuses to see the country divided --> WAR • BOTH need armies • First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment formed at this time

14. What happened to Charley Goddard during the Civil War? • Charley Goddard: 15 yr old who lied about his age to enlist; trained at Ft. Snelling and shipped out with 1st MN Reg. for D.C. • Age 16: excited to fight; injured--> had to sit out in First Battle of Bull Run

15. What happened to Charley Goddard during the Civil War? • Age 17: Battle of Antietam—bloodiest day in history (26,000 men killed/wounded) • Age 18: Battle of Gettysburg-1st MN very important at the frontlines because they were able to hold off Confederate soldiers until Union reinforcements arrived • 1st MN Reg. was one of twenty-two MN units to serve in Civil War

16. SIDEBAR: Homefront • Minnesotans were doing all they could to support the war effort • Sent supplies, raised money, provided companionship, and sent letters/care packages to soldiers • Life goes on--> While the men were gone, everyone else in the family had to step up and take on extra duties

17. Land of the Free • Emancipation Proclamation—presidential decree that stated as of January 1, 1863, the slaves in the Confederate states were free • Made it clear that the war wasn’t just about preserving the Union

18. What problems did Robert Hickman encounter? • Robert Hickman—African American man who was born a slave in Missouri • Could read, write, and preached ministry • Headed to MN with a group of 300 slaves • Reactions of Minnesotans-->

19. AFTERMATH • the North defeated the South in 1865 • 1,000,000 casualties • South in ruins • MN—not really affected • MN economy doing well • What did MN learn? • In MN, family life was upset by war & casualties • During Civil War, another war had started in southern MN—the Dakota War