Non-Communicable Diseases

1. Non-Communicable Diseases

2. Non-Communicable Diseases • Disease that is not transmitted by another person, a vector, or the environment • Cardiovascular Disease is one of the most common and preventable diseases

3. Cancer • Uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells • More than 100 types • Occurs because of DNA damage • A buildup can cause a tumor • Abnormal mass of tissue that has no natural role in the body

4. Types of Tumors • 2 types: benign and malignant • Benign - grows slowly and is noncancerous but could interfere with normal body functions • Malignant - spreads to other tissues and is cancerous Metastasis - spread of a cancer from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part

6. Types of Cancer • Lymphomas – affect immune system • Leukemias – affect blood-forming organs • Carcinomas – affect glands and body linings including skin • Sarcomas – affect connective tissues

7. Common Cancers Women – Breast Lung Colorectal Cancer of the Uterus Men – Prostate Lung Colorectal Order for both men and women can change based upon race/ethnicity

8. General Signs and Symptoms • Unexplained weight loss • 10 or more pounds in a relatively short amount of time • Fever • Usually occurs after the cancer has spread to other parts • Fatigue • Does not get better with rest • Pain • Can be an early symptom with certain cancers or a later symptom with cancers that have spread • Skin changes • Discoloration, rashes Some cancers have more specific signs and symptoms www.cancer.org

9. Risk Factors for Cancer • Exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing substance) • Tobacco and UV light are most common • Tobacco and tobacco smoke contain at least 43 different carcinogens • 215,000 new cases of lung cancer related to smoking are diagnosed each year • Radiation (UV light) • Skin that is tanned is your skin’s reaction to damage from the UV light

10. Risk Factors for Cancer • STD’s • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer • Hepatitis B can cause liver cancer • Dietary Factors • High fat, low fiber diets often linked with colon, breast, and prostate cancers • Heredity • Family history can determine if you are at a higher risk

11. Treatments for Cancer • Surgery to remove cancerous masses • Radiation therapy uses radioactive substances to kill cancer cells and shrink cancerous masses • Chemotherapy uses chemicals to destroy cancer cells • Immunotherapy activates a person’s immune system to recognize specific cancers and destroy them • Hormone therapy uses medicines to interfere with the production of certain hormones that facilitate cancer growth.

12. Diabetes • Type 1 and Type 2 • A chronic disease that affects the way body cells convert sugar into energy • Insulin producing cells in the Pancreas are either inefficient or destroyed • Insulin helps glucose enter body cells • Type 1 accounts for 5 – 10% of all diabetes cases • Body fails to produce insulin and glucose builds up in the blood • Cells begin attacking and destroying cells in the pancreas that produce insulin • Daily doses of insulin are required through injections or a specially attached pump

13. Diabetes • Type 2 accounts for 90-95% of all cases • Usually appears in adults over age 40 • Disease is developing in younger adults, teens, and children • Body is unable to use insulin properly or is not making enough • Low-fat, low-calorie foods rich in protein and limited in carbohydrates and regular physical activity help manage diabetes

14. Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes • High blood pressure • High blood triglyceride (fat) levels • Gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds • High-fat and carbohydrate diet • High alcohol intake

15. Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes • Sedentary lifestyle • Obesity or being overweight • Ethnicity: Certain groups, such as African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Japanese Americans, have a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than non-Hispanic whites. • Aging: Increasing age is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes begins to rise significantly at about age 45, and rises considerably after age 65.

16. Complications from Diabetes • Blood-glucose levels that are elevated (hyperglycemia) over a long period of time can lead to: • Heart Attack • Stroke • Blindness • Kidney Failure • Nerve Damage

17. Hypoglycemia Symptoms occur very quickly Too low of a blood-glucose level • Shakiness • Nervousness or anxiety • Sweating, chills and clamminess • Lightheadedness or dizziness • Rapid/fast heartbeat • Hunger and nausea • Blurred/impaired vision • Tingling or numbness in the lips or tongue • Weakness or fatigue • Lack of coordination • Unconsciousness • Irritability or impatience • Confusion, including delirium • Headaches • Anger, stubbornness, or sadness • Nightmares or crying out during sleep • Seizures • Coma

18. Treatments for Diabetes • Low-fat, low-calorie foods rich in protein and limited in carbohydrates and regular physical activity help manage diabetes • Insulin injections help manage blood glucose levels • There is no cure but weight loss has shown to greatly manage symptoms