AP Chapter 1

1. AP Chapter 1 Matter and Measurement

2. Chemistry • Chemistry is the study of the properties and behavior of matter. • Matter is the physical material of the universe and has mass and volume, and therefore density.

3. Matter • Elements – composed of a single type of atom. • Molecules – 2 or more atoms combined chemically to make a substance.

5. States of Matter • Gas – no fixed shape or volume – it takes the shape of its container and is compressible. • Liquid – distinct volume, but no fixed or distinct shape. It takes the shape of its container. • Solid – definite shape and volume. It’s non-compressible.

7. Pure Substances • Pure substances can NOT be broken down by physical means. • Elements can’t be broken down further • Compounds – can ONLY be broken down by chemical means into their elements. • 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 (using electrolysis)

9. Mixtures • Multiple substances are involved in mixtures, each with its own properties. • Mixtures are separated by physical means based on the properties of the substances in the mixture. • Evaporation • Filtration • Sorting

10. Mixtures • Heterogeneous Mixtures • Different composition in different areas of the sample. • Homogeneous Mixtures • The same composition exists throughout the sample. • Can be liquid or solid

11. Physical and Chemical Changes • Physical Change – changes the physical appearance but not the composition. State changes are physical changes. • Chemical Changes – changes the composition of the substance and creates a new substance with new and different properties.

12. SI Base Units

13. Units of Measurement

14. Density

15. Accuracy and Precision • Accuracy – How close the measured values are to the accepted values. • Precision – How close the measured values are to each other.