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This chapter outlines the fundamental concepts of matter and measurement in chemistry, detailing the properties and behaviors of matter, which includes mass, volume, and density. It elaborates on the different states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases, along with pure substances and their classifications as elements and compounds. It also discusses mixtures and methods for their separation, physical versus chemical changes, and essential SI base units. Emphasizing accuracy and precision in measurements, this foundational knowledge is critical for chemistry practice.
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AP Chapter 1 Matter and Measurement
Chemistry • Chemistry is the study of the properties and behavior of matter. • Matter is the physical material of the universe and has mass and volume, and therefore density.
Matter • Elements – composed of a single type of atom. • Molecules – 2 or more atoms combined chemically to make a substance.
States of Matter • Gas – no fixed shape or volume – it takes the shape of its container and is compressible. • Liquid – distinct volume, but no fixed or distinct shape. It takes the shape of its container. • Solid – definite shape and volume. It’s non-compressible.
Pure Substances • Pure substances can NOT be broken down by physical means. • Elements can’t be broken down further • Compounds – can ONLY be broken down by chemical means into their elements. • 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 (using electrolysis)
Mixtures • Multiple substances are involved in mixtures, each with its own properties. • Mixtures are separated by physical means based on the properties of the substances in the mixture. • Evaporation • Filtration • Sorting
Mixtures • Heterogeneous Mixtures • Different composition in different areas of the sample. • Homogeneous Mixtures • The same composition exists throughout the sample. • Can be liquid or solid
Physical and Chemical Changes • Physical Change – changes the physical appearance but not the composition. State changes are physical changes. • Chemical Changes – changes the composition of the substance and creates a new substance with new and different properties.
Accuracy and Precision • Accuracy – How close the measured values are to the accepted values. • Precision – How close the measured values are to each other.
