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Classification of Organisms. Pre AP Biology Spring ‘13. Taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying living organisms. Carl Linnaeus – 1750s begin to name organisms using 2 Latin words. This is called binomial nomenclature .
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Classification of Organisms Pre AP Biology Spring ‘13
Taxonomy • Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying living organisms. • Carl Linnaeus – 1750s begin to name organisms using 2 Latin words. This is called binomial nomenclature.
We still use that system today and the two names are called the scientific name. • Many organisms also have a common name, but some such as e.coli are only known by their scientific names.
Why we use scientific names • Scientific names are very specific. • There is more than one common name for some organisms (roach, cockroach, water bug) • Some common names refer to more than one species (fly, bass, deer) • Scientific names are the same in every language
Scientific Names • The rules: • Must be in Latin (or “Latinized”) • Must be underlined if handwritten and in italics if word-processed (like the title of a book) • First name must be capitalized and second name must be lower-case
Examples • Common name : dog • Scienitific name: Canis familiaris (or Canisfamiliaris) • First name is the genus (pl. genera), or group to which the animal belongs. • Second name is more specific and is the species.
Species • Similar in appearance • Breed in natural environment • Can produce healthy fertile offspring
Examples • Common name : wolf • Scienitific name: Canis lupus • Wolves belong to the genus Canis (same as domesticated dogs) • Wolves belong to a different species (lupus) than dogs (familiaris)
Examples • Common name : tiger • Scientific name: Panthera tigris • Genus: Panthera Species: tigris • Common name: lion • Scientific name: Panthera leo • Genus: Panthera Species: leo • Common name: cat • Scientific name: Felis domestica • Genus: Felis Species: domestica
Some organisms we already call by its scientific name • Scientific Name: Tyrannasaurus rex OR Tyrannasaurusrex
Others we use a common name: Bluebonnet • Scientific Name: Lupinus texensis OR Lupinustexensis
Others we use a common name: sparrow • Scientific Name: Passer domesticus OR Passerdomesticus
Hierarchy of classification • Organisms are grouped together much like mail is delivered…from most inclusive to most specific: • Most inclusive: Country State City Zip Street address individual –most specific
Domains • Most inclusive division is called a Domain • There are only 3 of these: eukary, bacteria and archea • All organisms fall into one of these three catagories. Two of them are prokaryotic and one is eukaryotic. We’re eukarya
Kingdom and Phyla • Domains are divided into Kingdoms • There are 4 kingdoms within Eukary: Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals; we’re animals • Kingdoms are divided into Phyla (sing: Phylum) • We belong to phylum Chordata (had a nerve cord)
Class and Order • Phyla are divided into Classes • We’re in the class mammalia (has hair, carries offspring in womb, feeds offspring milk) • Classes are divided into Orders • Were in the order primates
Family Genus and Species • Orders are divided into Families • We’re in the family Hominidae (includes great apes chimpanzee, gorilla and orangatang) • Families are divided into Genera (sing. Genus) • We’re in the genus Homo (all others in the genus are extinct but include Homo erectus (walked upright) and Homo habilitus(made tools) • Genera are divided into Species • We’re in the species sapien
Example: Honeybee Domain: Eukary Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenopera Family: Apidae Genus: Apis Species: melllifera
You need to know the levels in order: • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. • Use a sentence to help you remember the order: • Ex: Does King Philip Come Over For Green Spinach?
