Large-scale Incremental Processing Using Distributed Transactions and Notifications

1. Large-scale Incremental Processing Using Distributed Transactions and Notifications Written By Daniel Peng and Frank Dabek Presented By Michael Over

2. Abstract • Task: Updating an index of the web as documents are crawled • Requires continuously transforming a large repository of existing documents as new documents arrive • One example of a class of data processing tasks that transform a large repository of data via small, independent mutations

3. Abstract • These tasks lie in a gap between the capabilities of existing infrastructure • Databases – • MapReduce – • Percolator • A system for incrementally processing updates to a large data set • Deployed to create the Google web search index • Now processes the same number of documents per day but reduced the average age of documents in Google search results by 50% Storage/throughput requirements Create large batches for efficiency

4. Outline • Introduction • Design • Bigtable • Transactions • Timestamps • Notifications • Evaluation • Related Work • Conclusion and Future Work

5. Task • Task: Build an index of the web that can be used to answer search queries. • Approach: • Crawl every page on the web and process them • Maintain a set of invariants – same content, link inversion • Could be done using a series of MapReduce operations

6. Challenge • Challenge: Update the index after recrawling some small portion of the web. • Could we run MapReduce over just the recrawled pages? • No, there are links between the new pages and the rest of the web • Could we run MapReduce over the entire repository? • Yes, this is how Google’s web search index was produced prior to this work • What are some effects of this?

7. Challenge • What about a DBMS? • Cannot handle the sheer volume of data • What about distributed storage systems like Bigtable? • Scalable but does not provide tools to maintain data invariants in the face of concurrent updates • Ideally, the data processing system for the task of maintaining the web search index would be optimized for incremental processing and able to maintain invariants

8. Percolator • Provides the user with random access to a multiple petabyte repository • Process documents individually • Many concurrent threads  ACID compliant transactions • Observers – Invoked when a user-specified column changes • Designed specifically for incremental processing

9. Percolator • Google uses Percolator to prepare web pages for inclusion in the live web search index • Can now process documents as they are crawled • Reducing the average document processing latency by a factor of 100 • Reducing the average age of a document appearing in a search result by nearly 50%

10. Outline • Introduction • Design • Bigtable • Transactions • Timestamps • Notifications • Evaluation • Related Work • Conclusion and Future Work

11. Design • Two main abstractions for performing incremental processing at large scale: • ACID compliant transactions over a random access repository • Observers – a way to organize an incremental computation • A Percolator system consists of three binaries: • A Percolator worker • A Bigtable tablet server • A GFS chunkserver

12. Outline • Introduction • Design • Bigtable • Transactions • Timestamps • Notifications • Evaluation • Related Work • Conclusion and Future Work

13. Bigtable Overview • Percolator is built on top of the Bigtable distributed storage system • Multi-dimensional sorted map • Keys: (row, column, timestamp) tuples • Provides lookup and update operations on each row • Row transactions enable atomic read-modify-write operations on individual rows • Runs reliably on a large number of unreliable machines handling petabytes of data

14. Bigtable Overview • A running BigTable consists of a collection of tablet servers • Each tablet server is responsible for serving several tablets • Percolator maintains the gist of Bigtable’s interface • Percolator’s API closely resembles Bigtable’s • Challenge: Provide the additional features of multirow transactions and the observer framework

15. Outline • Introduction • Design • BigTable • Transactions • Timestamps • Notifications • Evaluation • Related Work • Conclusion and Future Work

16. Transactions • Percolator provides cross-row, cross-table transactions with ACID snapshot-isolation semantics • Stores multiple versions of each data item using Bigtable’s timestamp dimension • Provides snapshot isolation, which protects against write-write conflicts • Percolator must explicitly maintain locks • Example of transaction involving bank accounts

17. Transactions Key Key Key Key Bal:Data Bal:Lock Bal:Write Bob Bob Bob Bob 8: 7: $6 6: 5: $10 8: 7: 6: 5: 8: data @ 7 7: 6: data @ 5 5: I am Primary Joe Joe 8: 7: $6 6: 5: $2 8: 7: 6: 5: 8: data @ 7 7: 6: data @ 5 5: Primary @ Bob.bal

18. Outline • Introduction • Design • BigTable • Transactions • Timestamps • Notifications • Evaluation • Related Work • Conclusion and Future Work

19. Timestamps • Server hands out timestamps in strictly increasing order • Every transaction requires contacting the timestamp oracle twice, so this server must scale well • For failure recovery, the timestamp oracle needs to write the highest allocated timestamp to disk before responding to a request. • For efficiency, it batches writes, and "pre-allocates" a whole block of timestamps. • How many timestamps do you think Google’s timestamp oracle serves per second from 1 machine? • Answer: (2 million) per second 2,000,000

20. Outline • Introduction • Design • BigTable • Transactions • Timestamps • Notifications • Evaluation • Related Work • Conclusion and Future Work

21. Notifications • Transactions let the user mutate the table while maintaining invariants, but users also need a way to trigger and run the transactions. • In Percolator, the user writes “observers” to be triggered by changes to the table • Percolator invokes the function after data is written to one of the columns registered by an observer

22. Notifications • Percolator applications are structured as a series of observers • Notifications are similar to database triggers or events in active database but they cannot maintain data invariants • Percolator needs to efficiently find dirty cells with observers that need to be run • To do so, it maintains a special “notify” Bigtable column, containing an entry for each dirty cell

23. Outline • Introduction • Design • BigTable • Transactions • Timestamps • Notifications • Evaluation • Related Work • Conclusion and Future Work

24. Evaluation • Percolator lies somewhere in the performance space between MapReduce and DBMSs • Converting from MapReduce – Percolator was built to create Google’s large “base” index, a task previously done by MapReduce • In MapReduce, each day several billions of documents were crawled and fed through a series of 100 MapReduces, resulting in an index which answered user queries

25. Evaluation • Using MapReduce, each document spent 2-3 days being indexed before it could be returned as a search result • Percolator crawls the same number of documents, but the document is sent through Percolator as it is crawled • The immediately advantage is a reduction in latency (the median document moves through over 100x faster than with MapReduce)

26. Evaluation • Percolator freed Google from needing to process the entire repository each time documents were indexed • Therefore, they can increase the size of the repository (and have, now 3x it’s previous size) • Percolator is easier to operate – there are fewer moving parts: just tablet servers, Percolator workers, and chunkservers

27. Evaluation • Question: How do you think Percolator performs in comparison to MapReduce if: • 1% of the repository needs to be updated per hour? • 30% of the repository needs to be updated per hour? • 60% of the repository needs to be updated per hour? • 90% of the repository needs to be updated per hour?

28. Evaluation

29. Evaluation • Comparing Percolator versus “raw” Bigtable • Percolator introduces overhead relative to Bigtable, a factor of four overhead on writes due to 4 round trips: • Percolator -> Timestamp Server -> Percolator -> Tentative Write -> Percolator -> Timestamp Server -> Percolator -> Commit -> Percolator

30. Outline • Introduction • Design • BigTable • Transactions • Timestamps • Notifications • Evaluation • Related Work • Conclusion and Future Work

31. Related Work • Batch processing systems like MapReduce are well suited for efficiently transforming or analyzing an entire repository • DBMSs satisfy many of the requirements of an incremental system but does not scale like Percolator • Bigtable is a scalable, distributed, and fault tolerant storage system, but is not designed to be a data transformation system • CloudTPS builds an ACID-compliant datastore on top of distributed storage but is intended to be a backend for a website (stronger focus on latency and partition tolerance than Percolator)

32. Outline • Introduction • Design • BigTable • Transactions • Timestamps • Notifications • Evaluation • Related Work • Conclusion and Future Work

33. Conclusion and Future Work • Percolator has been deployed to produce Google’s websearch index since April, 2010 • It’s goals were reducing the latency of indexing a single document with an acceptable increase in resource usage • Scaling the architecture costs a very significant 30-fold overhead compared to traditional database architectures • How much of this is fundamental to distributed storage systems and how much could be optimized away?