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THE DEEP

THE DEEP. Aphotic Zone (Deep Pelagic). Below 1000m (3280 ft) Explored < 1%. Pressure. At 1000 m is 100X greater than sea level pressure Surface organisms would be crushed. After nearly 5,000 m down. Adaptations. Fluid is almost incompressible

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THE DEEP

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  1. THE DEEP

  2. Aphotic Zone (Deep Pelagic) • Below 1000m (3280 ft) • Explored < 1%

  3. Pressure • At 1000 m is 100X greater than sea level pressure • Surface organisms would be crushed

  4. After nearly 5,000 m down

  5. Adaptations • Fluid is almost incompressible • Fluid in animals’ bodies match surrounding water

  6. Dive 1000m, over an hour • Lungs collapse flat

  7. Cold 1 - 2 C (34-37 F) • Body temp close to water • Metabolism slow • Reproduce less and later • Live longer

  8. Food is Scarce • 5% of food produced in the euphotic zone • No migrators • Need to conserve energy…How?

  9. Be Blobby

  10. “Blobby” • Flabby, watery flesh • Weak skeletons • No scales • No swim bladder • Sit and float

  11. Be small • Many angler fish are 10 cm or less! • Largest is 1m (3 ft) and 9 kg (20 lb.)

  12. Eat anything!

  13. Swallower Eel Huge Mouths and expandable stomachs

  14. Use vibrations to find food • Hairy angler has sensitive antennae • Use lateral line to sense vibrations

  15. Go fishing! Dragonfish Anglerfish

  16. It’s Dark! • Small eyes • Black, red color • Bioluminescence: • --To attract prey or find mate • --Not for counterlighting

  17. Sex in the Dark • 1) Use Bioluminescence to ID species • 2) Be a hermaphrodite • 3) Release chemicals to find mate

  18. Sex in the Dark • 4) Attach yourself to your mate! • Males Goal: Search for female • Have muscular bodies, large eyes, and organ to “smell”

  19. Sex in the Dark • Male bites female and they become fused • Male provides sperm to female

  20. World’s Smallest Fish • Male, sexually mature is 6.2 mm (less than a ¼ inch) • Female is 46 mm (1.8 inches)

  21. Disphotic Zone (Mesopelagic) • 150 m depth • Not enough light for photosynthesis • 10-20% food from surface is available

  22. Size and Shape • Small 10 to 15 cm • Long flattened body

  23. Lantern fish

  24. Large eyes • Hatchetfish • Light sensitive for dim light Winteria Look up at surface and spot silhouettes of prey Two fields of vision

  25. Mouths • Large, hinged extendible jaws • Needle-like teeth • Eat anything

  26. Sabertooth Viperfish • Only a couple of inches long

  27. Color • Black, or black with silver sides • Counterillumination/counterlighting

  28. Other things besides fish may be transparent

  29. Bioluminescence

  30. Bioluminescence • Photophores for camouflage • Attract prey • Attract mates • Defense

  31. Swim up to surface to eat at night Well-developed muscles and bone Swim bladder Sit and wait Less muscle,flabby No swim bladder Weak bones Migrators vs. Nonmigrators

  32. Lantern fish Migrators • Largest migration of life on earth • 1700 m to 100 m (3 hour trip) • Create a false bottom on sonar

  33. Deep-Sea Floor rabbit fish and tripod fish

  34. Deep sea fish Rat tail fish and hagfish

  35. Deep sea fish • Cruise the bottom • Fecal pellets and the occasional whale for food • Larger, long bodies, strong muscles, small eyes • Not much bioluminescence • Dark brown, black

  36. Hydrothermal Vents

  37. Mid-Ocean Ridge System Oceanic plates are pulling apart

  38. Hydrothermal Vents • At mid-ocean ridges • Seawater seeps through cracks • Gets super heated • Forced back up through crust

  39. Black Smokers • Warm 50-68 degrees F • Hot! 662 degrees F • Heated water dissolves minerals • When it cools, minerals deposit around vents

  40. Hydrogen sulfide • 1. Energy-rich molecule • 2. Toxic to most organisms

  41. Bacteria - Chemosynthesis • Basis of food chain • Use hydrogen sulfide for energy

  42. Bacteria as producers • 1. Live inside animals • Symbiotic • Bacteria get hydrogen sulfide, animals get food

  43. Pompeii worm

  44. Pompeii Worm

  45. Tube Worm

  46. Up to 2 m tallRiftia tube worm

  47. Bacteria as producers 2. Filter feeders (mussels, clams) 3. Eaten directly (shrimp scrape bacteria off chimneys)

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