Logos

1. Logos Argumentation

2. ARGUMENTATION • Argumentation is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through to use of spoken or written messages

3. Presumption • Presumption identifies existing beliefs, policies, practices, or institutions • Presumption is determined by prevailing beliefs of the audience • Presumption is a decision rule that determines what the advocate must prove in testing the proposition as a hypothesis • Presumption only describes It does not judge the value or lack ofvalue to the existing beliefs, practices, policies, or institutionspresently occupying the ground

4. Burden of proof • The advocate has the responsibility to prove the argument this is the burden of proof • In fulfilling the burden of proof, present beliefsand behaviors described by presumption are judged and evaluated based on the available evidence and an alternative pattern of thought or action is proposed.

5. Prima Facie Case • The advocate has the responsibility of presenting prima facie case, one that stands at face value and is consistent and complete • The form and content of the argument determines its face value • A prima facie case must be both topical, within bounds and inherent, having; cause, permanence, and reform • Presentation of a prima facie case causes the suspension of presumption unless it is successfully challenged

6. Propositions • The proposition is a statement that identifies the argumentative groundand points to a change in belief or behavior

7. Types of Propositions • Propositions of Fact • Propositions of Value • Propositions of Definitions • Propositions of Policy

8. Rules of Definition: • The Inclusionary Rule • The Exclusionary Rule • The Adaptation Rule • The Neutrality Rule • The Specificity Rule • The Clarity Rule

9. Terms needing Definition • Equivocal terms • Vague terms • Technical terms • New terms • Coined terms

10. The Toulmin Model

11. The Toulmin ModelPrimary Triad • Claim: is a conclusion that does not stand alone but requires further proof before the audience is willing to accept it as verified • Grounds: are information of fact or opinion used to provide verification for the claim; commonly known by the generic label evidence • Warrant: is the reasoning that justifies the mental leap from grounds to claim, certifying that given the grounds, the claim is true or probable

12. The Toulmin Model Secondary Triad • Backing: provides the 'credentials'that help establish the legitimacy of the inferential leap from grounds to claim • Qualifiers: show the amount, or degree, of force that a claim possesses • Rebuttals: limit claims, showing circumstances under which they may not be true and anticipating objections to the claim

13. Types of Evidence • Examples and illustrations • Statistics • Scientific evidence • Artifacts • Premises • Opinions

14. Tests of Evidence Examples and illustrations • Source qualifications • Data accuracy • Originality of observation • Recency of observation • Attitude of the observer

15. Tests of EvidenceStatistical evidence • Source reliability, • Statistical accuracy • Comparable units • Data significance

16. Tests of EvidenceScientific Evidence • Generalizability of setting and subjects • Variable control and manipulation • Consistency with other findings

17. Tests of EvidenceArtifacts • Genuineness • Representativeness

18. Tests of EvidencePremises • Is there reason to believe that circumstances will not changein such a way as to invalidate the premise

19. Tests of EvidenceOpinions • Source Expertise, • Source Bias • Factual basis of the opinion

20. Accuracy Recency Quality Sufficiency Representativeness, Clarity, Consistency Internal Consistency External Relevance Audience acceptability General Tests of Evidence