1 / 41

Reproductive System Diseases

Reproductive System Diseases. Introduction to Human Diseases Chapter 9. Male & Female Infertility. Failure to become pregnant after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse (despite previous pregnancies) Peak fertility: Females: 24 YOA Most fertile within 24 hrs. of ovulation

kaiyo
Télécharger la présentation

Reproductive System Diseases

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Reproductive System Diseases Introduction to Human Diseases Chapter 9

  2. Male & Female Infertility • Failure to become pregnant after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse (despite previous pregnancies) • Peak fertility: • Females: 24 YOA • Most fertile within 24 hrs. of ovulation • Males: 25 YOA • Greatest fertility: intercourse 4 times/wk

  3. Infertility • Etiologies: • Female: hormonal or nutritional, infections, neoplasms, anomalies of reproductive tract, age • Males: sperm deficiencies, congenital anomalies, endocrine disorders, infections of testes, epididymis or vas, age, surgery (vasectomy, etc)

  4. Infertility • Etiology: unknown in 10% • Treatment: • Surgical, hormonal treatment, etc

  5. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s) • Gonorrhea • Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae • S/S: purulent discharge • Often more symptoms in males than in infected females • Gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum • Treatment: antibiotics

  6. STD’s • Genital Herpes • Infection with herpes simplex virus • Mostly HSV-2 • S/S: painful, irritated genital vesicular lesions • First outbreak often has systemic signs • Aches, fevers, HA, malaise, etc • Treatment: antiviral medicines

  7. STD’s • Genital warts • Infection with papillomavirus (HPV) • Incubation period: 1-6 months • Treatment: topical meds, laser treatment, cryosurgery, electrocautery

  8. STD’s • Syphilis • Infection with Treponema pallidum • Three clinical stages: • Primary: chancre appears, contagious • Secondary: systemic, rashes, etc. • Tertiary: CNS, aortic, musculoskeletal • Testing: multiple serum tests • Treatment: antibiotics (PCN)

  9. STD’s • Trichomoniasis • Protozoal infection with trichomonas vaginalis • 10-25% females asymptomatic • Treatment: Flagyl

  10. STD’s • Chlamydial infection • Infection with chlamydia trachomatis • S/S: often mild • Treatment: antibiotics

  11. Male Reproductive Diseases • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia • Also called benign prostate hypertrophy • (BPH) • Overgrowth of prostate cells, causing prostate enlargement • Etiology: unknown, associated with aging • Males over 50 YOA, increasing with age

  12. BPH • Clinically: tends to obstruct urine outflow by obstructing bladder outflow or changing bladder shape • S/S: weak stream, hesitancy, dribbling of urine, nocturia, frequency • Treatment: often surgical (TURP)

  13. Prostatitis • Inflammation of prostate gland • Usually infection (bacterial) • Acute or chronic • Treatment: • Antibiotics, regular ejaculation, possibly surgery depending on type & severity

  14. Epididymitis • Common infection & inflammation of the epididymis • Typically unilateral • Usually bacterial etiology • Treatment: • Antibiotics, scrotal support

  15. Prostate Cancer • Adenocarcinoma • In males: 3rd leading cause of cancer death (lung & colon) • Usually males over 50 YOA • Mets to spine or pelvis early • Treatment: • Surgical resection of variable degrees, hormonal therapies, radiation & chemo

  16. Prostate Cancer • Risk factors associated with this: • Family or racial predisposition • Environmental exposure • Coexisting STD’s • Endogenous hormone influence • High animal fat diet implicated

  17. Testicular Cancer • Usually young and middle-aged males, rare over 40 YOA • Risk factors: • Cryptorchidism, African-Americans, maternal use of diethylstilbestrol • S/S: smooth, painless mass • Treatment: • orchidectomy, radiation, chemotherapy

  18. Female Reproductive Diseases • Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) • Group of physical & psychological symptoms occurring regularly 3-14 days prior to menses • Relieved by menses • Females in 30-40’s • 30%-40% females experience some degree • Etiology: unknown

  19. PMS • S/S: • Irritability, anxiety, insomnia • Fatigue, depression, headaches • Vertigo, syncope, arthralgias • Abdominal bloating, palpitations • Acne, breast tenderness, appetite changes • Treatment: no single effective treatment

  20. Amenorrhea • Absence of menarche • Primary-no menses until over 16 YOA • Hereditary, body build, environmental • Secondary-6 months without menses in a female previously menstruating • Stress, pregnancy • Etiology: hormonal imbalances that prevent ovulation

  21. Dysmenorrhea • Pain associated with menstruation • Etiology: • Hormonal imbalances, PG’s, endometriosis, polycystic ovaries, tumors • Diagnosis: D & C (also theraputic) • Treatment: • Pain relief, surgical (D & C, fibroid removal)

  22. Ovarian Cysts & Tumors • Cysts • Corpus luteum cyst • Endometrioma • Polycystic ovarian syndrome (endocrine disorder: hirsuitism, obesity, menstrual & ovulation irregularities, insulin resistence) (PCOS)

  23. Ovarian Cysts & Tumors • Tumors • Teratoma (dermoid) • Benign growth, combination of different types of tissues

  24. Endometriosis • Presence of functional ectopic endometrial tissue • 3-5 million in US • S/S: usually pain in site of ectopic tissue • Treatment: hormonal therapy, BCP, laparoscopic surgery if needed

  25. Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids) • Benign uterine tumors of the smooth muscle layer • Most common tumor in females • Calcify after menopause • S/S: often asymptomatic • Sometimes palpable mass, increased menstrual bleeding or dysmenorrhea • Treatment: none, surgical

  26. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease • Infection of uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries • Acute, subacute, chronic, recurrent • Etiologies: bacterial infection • After surgical procedures, parturition, or due to STD’s • S/S: pain, purulent discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding (metrorrhea)

  27. PID • Treatment: • Antibiotics (oral or IV), hospitalization often, some need for surgical drainage of abscesses, pain relief • Complications: sepsis, infertility

  28. Menopause • Cessation of menses and ovarian function, causing decreased estrogen levels • S/S: hot flashes, tachycardia, skin inelasticity, decrease in breast size & firmness, genitalia atrophy, decrease in Bartholin secretions, depression, poor memory & libido

  29. Menopause • Treatment: • None or HRT (hormone replacement therapy) • Combination vs. estrogen only • Risks tend to outweigh benefits • Risks: CAD, CVA, thromboemboli, invasive breast CA, endocmetrial CA • Use: menopausal symptoms & osteoporosis treatment

  30. Ovarian Cancer • 6th most common cancer in US females • 1/57 females in US • Decreased risk for use of BCP for at least 5 years (by 60%) • “silent killer” • Asymptomatic for a long time so poor prognosis • More deaths than endometrial & cervical cancers combined

  31. Ovarian Cancer • Treatment: • Usually surgery & chemotherapy • Sometimes radiation

  32. Breast Diseases • Fibrocystic disease • Palpable masses (cysts), vary with cycle, often tenderness or feeling of fullness in breasts • Aged 30-55 • Benign fibroadenoma • Tumor of fibrous & glandular elements • Usually 20 years post puberty

  33. Carcinoma of the Breast • Variety of malignant neoplasms • Etiology/Risk factors: • Hereditary (FH in maternal relatives), age, atypical hyperplasia, long menstrual hx, obesity after menopause, nulliparous, or no children until 30 YOA • S/S: • A mass, nipple discharge

  34. Carcinoma of the Breast • Diagnosis • Mammography, biopsy • Treatment • Various surgeries • Chemotherapy • Radiation • Hormone therapies

  35. Disorders of Pregnancy and Parturition • Spontaneous Abortion • Miscarriage, most common in 1st pregnancy • Expulsion of fetus & amniotic sac before viability is possible • Etiology: placental or implantation problems, hormone imbalance, trauma, chromosomal abnormalities (most common)

  36. Spontaneous Abortion • S/S: cramping pain, bleeding • Usually during 1st trimester • Treatment: • No prevention is possible

  37. Ectopic Pregnancy • Implantation & growth of fertilized ovum outside of the uterus • Most commonly in fallopian tubes • Other: abdominal cavity, ovary • Etiology: • Scarring of fallopian tubes • S/S: unilateral lower abd pain, abnormal menses or no menses

  38. Ectopic Pregnancy • Diagnosis: • Verification of pregnancy by urine & serum tests, ultrasound • Treatment: • Surgical resection • Complications: shock, exsanguination

  39. Pregnancy-induced Hypertension • HTN developing during 3rd trimester • =preeclampsia • Peripheral edema, HTN, proteinuria • Eclampsia • Seizures & coma develop • Emergency condition • Intracranial bleeding or edema common

  40. Placental Diseases • Placenta Previa • Low uterine implantation of placenta so that it blocks the cervical opening • Treatment: C-section • Abruptio Placentae • Premature separation of placenta from uterine wall • S/S: variable bleeding, cramping, shock

  41. Premature Rupture of Membranes • Early rupture of amniotic sac • Amniotic fluid discharge from vagina • Increased risk of uterine infection and premature labor • Labor prior to fetal maturity • Treatment: • Rest, labor induction or C-section when viability is certain

More Related