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Princeton Review

Princeton Review. AP World History. The Ancient Stuff Around 8000 BCE to Around 600 CE. The Big Picture. What are civilizations all about? How does change occur within a society? How are people impacted by, and how do they impact, geography and climate?. Nomads.

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Princeton Review

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  1. Princeton Review AP World History

  2. The Ancient StuffAround 8000 BCE to Around600 CE

  3. The Big Picture • What are civilizations all about? • How does change occur within a society? • How are people impacted by, and how do they impact, geography and climate?

  4. Nomads • Why was the development of more stable civilizations so significant? • Language • Fire • Simple stone tools • Foraging Societies – hunter-gatherer • Pastoral Societies – domestication of animals

  5. Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution) • Nomads start staying in the same place • Becomes “their” home • Food surplus – specialized labor • Beginnings of “civilization” • Dramatically impacted environment

  6. Technology • Use of animals • Wheels, sails, baskets • Use of Metals (Bronze Age) – later part of Neolithic Revolution

  7. Civilizations • Rivers – fertile soil • Social, Political and Economic developments • City States – loosely connected • Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and the Americas

  8. Mesopotamia – “Land between Rivers” (Tigris/Euphrates) • Sumer, Babylon, Persia • Unpredictable flooding

  9. Sumer • Developed cuneiform – form of writing; spread through trade routes to other regions • Wheel, 12 month calendar, math system based on sixty, geometry • Polytheistic – Ziggurats (temples for their gods) • When disaster struck, the gods were unhappy

  10. Babylon • Sumer declined; Akkad rose to dominate region – wrote first known code of laws in cuneiform. • Babylon overtook Akkad • King Hammurabi – Code of Hammurabi

  11. Babylon fell to Kassites and then Hittites – used iron weapons • Assyria – capital Ninevah; learned use of iron weapons from Hittites; cruel; sent large groups of people into exile (cultural diffusion) • Medes and Chaldeans defeat Assyria; King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilds Babylon

  12. Persia Empire • Built road system – Great Royal Road • Within the Persian Empire: • Lydians – coined money • Phoenicians – established naval city-states; developed simple 22 letter alphabet (led to our system of letters) • Hebrews – Judaism; monotheistic; believed they were God’s chosen people

  13. Ancient Egypt • Nile River • Predictable flooding – followed stable agricultural process • Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom – height of power

  14. Pharaohs, hieroglyphics, astronomy, calendar • Trade – need a lot of supplies for huge building projects – brought them into contact with other civilizations • Polytheistic – belief in afterlife (pyramids)

  15. Queen Hatshepsut – first known female ruler • High status of women – more rights and opportunities than Mesopotamia women Peasants Pharaohs Priests Nobles Merchants/Artisans Slaves

  16. Egypt Decline: • Assyria invaded • Persia conquered • Later Greeks occupied Egypt • Became part of Roman Empire

  17. Indus Valley Civilization • Mountains limited contact with other civilizations (Khyber Pass) • Harappa and Mohenjo-Darro – carefully planned cities – strong central government • Polytheistic

  18. Cities were abandoned (don’t know why) • Aryans arrived to the area • Belief system (reincarnation) • Social structure (caste system) • Would be basis of Hinduism

  19. China • Shang • Isolated • Bronze, horse drawn chariots • Spoked wheel • Production of pottery and silk • Extended family – belief in dead ancestor spirits

  20. Zhou – longest lasting dynasty (900 yrs) • Mandate of Heaven • Feudal System – king granted land to nobles; eventually nobles became too powerful and built own kingdoms • Decline: fighting feudal kingdoms

  21. Mesoamerica and Andean South America • Developed independently from the other civilizations • Did not develop along rivers • Olmec (Mexico) • Corn, beans squash • Irrigation, large scale buildings, polytheistic, writing, calendar

  22. Chavin (Andes, S. America) • Access to coast; supplemented diet with seafood • Polytheistic, use of metal tools, used llamas

  23. West Africa • Bantu Migrations – the Bantu family of languages migrated South and East • Migrated due to climatic changes • Jenne-Jeno – first city in Sub-Sahara • Fishing settlement • A collection of individual communities

  24. Classical Civilizations

  25. India • Mauryan Empire • Chandragupta Maurya – unified the Aryan kingdoms • Ashoka Maurya – his grandson; take it to its height • Trade; powerful military • Ashoka converted to Buddhism • Rock and Pillar Edicts – live generous and righteous lives • Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism enabled it to spread throughout SE Asia

  26. Gupta Empire • Mauryan Empire declined; Chandra Gupta revived it. • Decentralized; smaller empire • Mathematics: Pie and zero, Arabic numerals • Iron weapons • Hinduism once again dominant religion • Reinforced caste system • Women lost rights • Child marriages

  27. China • Qin Dynasty • Lasted less than a decade • Qin Shihuangdi – legalism • Recentralized feudal kingdoms; standardized laws; strict on dissent • Built Great Wall of China

  28. Han Dynasty • Trade thrived along silk road; carried culture • Buddhism spread • Civil service system – exam for highly educated government workers • Invented paper, sundials and calendars; broadened use of metals

  29. Greece • Trade thrived due to limited land resources • Collection of polis (city-states) • Athens – political, commercial and cultural center • Government changed from monarchy to aristocracy (Draco and Solon)

  30. Sparta – militaristic and agricultural • Society: • Citizens – adult males • Free people – no rights • Slaves – 1/3 of population – relied heavily on slaves • All citizens (adult males) were expected to participate in in civic decisions – lead to first democracy

  31. Polytheistic – mythology • Persian Wars – united Greece to fight mutual enemy • Pericles • Golden Age • Rebuilt Athens • Delian League – alliance of Greek city-states

  32. Philosophy – Socrates, Plato Aristotle • Comedies and tragedies • Homer – wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey • Ancient Greek accomplishments would be inspiration for European Renaissance and Enlightenment 2000 years later

  33. Decline of Athens • Peloponnesian War: Athens vs. Sparta; Sparta Wins • Macedonians – Philip conquered Greece, but allowed culture to flourish

  34. Alexander the Great • Defeats Persian Empire • Spreads Greek culture – Hellenism • 3 Empires: Antigonid (Greece and Macedon), Ptlomaic (Egypt), Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia) • Focused on Ptlomaic – Alexandria; Hellenistic cultural city

  35. Rome • Polytheistic (Greek Origin) • Social Structure • Patricians/Plebeians • Twelve Tables of Rome (innocent until proven guilty) • Pater familias – eldest male • Slaves

  36. Roman Military • Carthage – city-state in N. Africa became enemies • Punic Wars – with Carthage • Hannibal • Rome became undisputed power in Mediterranean

  37. Collapse of Republic • 1st Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar • Civil War between Caesar and the Senate; Caesar become emperor

  38. 2nd triumvirate: Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus • Octavius=Augustus Caesar; end of republic • Pax Romana

  39. Literature • Architecture (Pantheon, Coliseum, Forum) • Science • Ptolemy (Astronomy) • Roads and aqueducts

  40. Paganism – made sacrifices to gods • Christianity • Grew out of Judaism • Persecution • Constantine ended persecution • Edict of Milan – Christianity became official religion

  41. Empires Collapse • Han China • Would end up being divided into several regional kingdoms for 400 yrs • Gupta India • Invaded by Huns (culture survived)

  42. Roman Empire • Internal decay, bad leaders, size of empire • Diocletian splits empire into 2. • Constantine established new capital in the East (Byzantine) • Rome fell to Germanic invasions • East would survive (Byzantine Empire)

  43. Belief Systems • Polytheism • Confucianism • Daoism • Legalism • Hinduism • Buddhism • Judaism • Christianity

  44. Go Back to the Big Picture • 1. Civilizations • 2. Sources of Change • 3. Humans vs. Nature

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