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Role of nuclear power in India’s power-mix

Role of nuclear power in India’s power-mix. Anil Kakodkar Department of Atomic Energy. Scenarios for Total Installed Power Capacity in India (DAE-2004 and Planning Commission-2006 studies). Three Stage Nuclear Power Programme. Globally Advanced Technology. Globally Unique.

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Role of nuclear power in India’s power-mix

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  1. Role of nuclear power in India’s power-mix Anil Kakodkar Department of Atomic Energy

  2. Scenarios for Total Installed Power Capacity in India(DAE-2004 and Planning Commission-2006 studies)

  3. Three Stage Nuclear Power Programme Globally Advanced Technology Globally Unique World class performance • Stage – I PHWRs • 14 - Operating • 4 - Under construction • Several others planned • Scaling to 700 MWe • Gestation period has been reduced • POWER POTENTIAL  10,000 MWe • LWRs • 2 BWRs Operating • 2 VVERs under • construction • Stage - III • Thorium Based Reactors • 30 kWth KAMINI- Operating • 300 MWe AHWR- Under Development • POWER POTENTIAL IS VERY LARGE • Availability of ADS can enable early introduction of Thorium on a large scale • Stage - II • Fast Breeder Reactors • 40 MWth FBTR - Operating since 1985 • Technology Objectives realised • 500 MWe PFBR- • Under Construction • POWER POTENTIAL  530,000 MWe

  4. Comparison of Fuel Characteristics • Calorific valueof fossil fuels (kcal/kg) Domestic Coal: 4000, Imported Coal: 5400, Naphtha: 10500, LNG: 9500 • Indian uranium-ore contains only 0.06% of uranium (Canada’s 18%), but this provides • 20times more energy per tonne of mined material than coal when uranium is used in once through open cycle inPHWRs • 1200 to 1400times more energy per tonne of mined material than coal when used in closed cycle based onFBRs • 1000 MWe Nuclear Power Plant needs movement of 12 trucks (10 Te/truck) of uranium fuel per year • 1000 MWe Coal Power Plant needs movement of 3,80,000 trucks (10 Te/truck) of coal per year

  5. Based on IAEA Bulletin 42, 2000

  6. External Costs for various Electricity Generating Technologies Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April2006

  7. 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 Natural sources Diagnostic medical X-ray examination Atmospheric Nuclear testing Nuclear Power Production Worldwide annual per capita effective dose (mSv) Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006

  8. Relative environmental impact of different Technologies of electricity generation Existing coal technologies no gas cleaning New coal technologies Biomass Technologies Nuclear Natural gas technologies Wind High Air pollution impacts (PM10) and other impacts Low Low High Greenhouse gas impacts Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA,April 2006

  9. Photovoltaic Offshore wind Onshore wind Hypower Oil Natural gas Coal Nuclear Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006

  10. Overnight Cost@ 2003 price level 1000 MW 1600 700 950 1000 700 Source NEA/ OECD Study, India: NPCIL Study

  11. Levelised Cost of GenerationPaise/ kWh at 2005-06 price level Source MW Cr/ MW Years Lev/ Cost Nuclear: 700 5.2 5 152 Coal : 500 4.0 3 164 Gas : 500 2.7 2 182 Assumptions: Discount rate: 5%, PLF 80% Gas @ 3$/ mmBtu,Coal:Delivered Rs1344/T If uranium is available at international prices, levelised cost of nuclear generation can come down to about 115

  12. Nuclear electricity generation and capacity addition since 1966 Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006

  13. Fast Breeder Reactor 500 MWe Fast Breeder Reactor – Construction launched on October 23, 2004

  14. ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR 5 2 3 6 4 17 15 8 7 10 1 11 9 13 12 14 16 • BASIC DATA FUEL : U-233/THORIUM MOX + Pu-239/THORIUM MOX COOLANT : BOILING LIGHT WATER MODERATOR : HEAVY WATER POWER : 300 MW(e) 920 MW(t) 1 Secondary Containment 2 Primary Containment 3 Gravity Driven Water Pool 4 Isolation Condenser 5 Passive Containment Isolation Duct 6 Vent Pipe 7 Tail Pipe Tower • Structured peer review completed • Pre-licensing design safety appraisal by AERB in progress 8 Steam Drum 9 100 M Floor 10 Fuelling Machine 11 Deck Plate 12 Calandria with End Shield 13 Header 14 Pile Supports 15 Advanced Accumulator 16 Pre - Stressing Gallery 17 Passive Containment Cooler

  15. Proton Beam Accelerator Beam Channel Collimator Fission 233U Fission fragments Accelerator based energy technology • Growth with Thorium systems • Transmutation of long lived radionuclides LONG TERM R&D EFFORTS NEEDED

  16. Compact High Temperature Reactor • Fluid fuel substitutes (Hydrogen) • Other high temperature heat applications

  17. Steady state superconducting tokamak (SST-1) Pictures of SST-1 Tokamak at IPR, Gandhinagar • BASIC OBJECTIVE IS TO STUDY PHYSICS OF PLASMA PROCESSES IN TOKAMAK UNDER STEADY STATE CONDITIONS • SST-1 HAS BEEN FABRICATED AND ASSEMBLED. • COMMISSIONING IS IN PROGRESS

  18. Fusion Energy India is a member of ITER group Schematic of the prototype fusion breeder reactor

  19. Challenges and strategies • A country of the size of India cannot afford to plan its economy on the basis of large scale import of energy resources or energy technology • Indigenous development of energy technologies based on domestic fuel resources should be a priority for us. • Nuclear power must contribute about a quarter of the total electric power required 50 years from now, in order to limit energy import dependence in percentage terms at about the current level.

  20. Thank You

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