PSY 368 Human Memory

PSY 368 Human Memory Semantic Memory cont. Reconstructive Memory

Announcements • Data from Experiment 3 due April 9 (Mon) • Experiment 3 Report due April 16 • If you missed the details of the Experiment, I included them again at the end of this lecture • Optional reading for Monday is posted on Blackboard site (Media Library: Optional Readings): • Einstein, et al (2005) Prospective Memory article • Dr. Dawn McBride will be our speaker

Exam 2 • … was hard! • The mean % was 67.7%. • The range of scores was from 41% to 92% • So when interpreting your score, think “good job” if in the 80s and 90s and ‘okay’ if in the mid 60s to 70s. • It was harder than I expected, so I am thinking about offering an additional, one-time-only extra credit option. I’ll get the details hammered out this weekend (probably another article and focus questions kind of thing)

Summary of Semantic Memory • Semantic memory = knowledge • Some evidence for a separate system • Early models suggested hierarchical network - cognitive economy • Results suggest no strict hierarchy or cognitive economy • But current network models suggest loosened hierarchy (spreading activation) • Other ideas: compound cues, prototypes, exemplars, schemas • What kind of impact is there of this organization on retrieval of memories?

Compound Cue Models • Alternatives to Spreading activation models • Examine mechanisms of priming and extent to explain of priming effects • Make predictions about performance in memory retrieval tasks • Generally they are mathematical models that predict sets of results based on strength of cue associations • There are a lot of models to choose from (see “optional chapter” for details) • In SAM (Search of Associative Memory), a matrix of association among cues and memory traces, which are called images • Cues are assembled in a short-term store, or probe set, which is the match against all item in memory • In TODAM (Theory Of Distributed Associative Memory), to-be-remembered items are represented as vectors of features • Sum of vectors, convolution • The resulting scalar can be mapped into familiarity and, in turn, into response time and accuracy

Semantics as Exemplars • Instance theory: each concept is represented as examples of previous experience (e.g., Medin & Schaffer, 1978; Hintzman, 1986) • Make comparisons to stored instances • Typically have a probabilistic component • Which instance gets retrieved for comparison dog

Semantics as Prototypes • Prototype theory: store feature information with most “prototypical” instance (Eleanor Rosch, 1975) 1) chair 1) sofa 2) couch 3) table : : 12) desk 13) bed : : 42) TV 54) refrigerator Rate on a scale of 1 to 7 if these are good examples of category: Furniture TV couch table bed chair desk refrigerator

Semantics as Prototypes • Prototype theory: store feature information with most “prototypical” instance (Eleanor Rosch, 1975) • Prototypes: • Some members of a category are better instances of the category than others • Fruit: apple vs. pomegranate • What makes a prototype? • Possibly an abstraction of exemplars • More central semantic features • What type of dog is a prototypical dog? • What are the features of it? • We are faster at retrieving prototypes of a category than other members of the category

Semantics as Prototypes • The main criticisms of the theory • The model fails to provide a rich enough representation of conceptual knowledge • Vague: How can we think logically if our concepts are so vague? • Flexibility: How do our concepts manage to be flexible and adaptive, if they are fixed to the similarity structure of the world? • features have different importance in different contexts • what determines the feature weights • Individual differences: If each of us represents the prototype differently, how can we identify when we have the same concept, as opposed to two different concepts with the same label? • Does membership = similarity?: Why do we have concepts which incorporate objects which are clearly dissimilar, and exclude others which are apparently similar?

Demo • Before we start talking about constructive (integrative) and reconstructive memory, let’s do a demonstration. • I will present you with a long list of words, which I’ll later test your memory for.

queen

crown

castle

England

throne

ruler

prince

royalty

power

hill

valley

climb

summit

top

molehill

peak

plain

glacier

butter

food

eat

sandwich

rye

jam

milk

flour

jelly

thread

pin

eye

sewing

sharp

point

prick

thimble

haystack

steal

robber

crook

burglar

PSY 368 Human Memory

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