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Shining the Light on LEDs

Shining the Light on LEDs. Robert Ebbert, LC. LED Sales Project Manager – Streetworks™. Lighting Certified by the National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions. Member of the Illuminating Engineering Society. A History of Light Sources.

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Shining the Light on LEDs

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  1. Shining the Light on LEDs Robert Ebbert, LC LED Sales Project Manager – Streetworks™ Lighting Certified by the National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions Member of the Illuminating Engineering Society

  2. A History of Light Sources • ~400,000 BCE - Fire is discovered. • ~3000 BCE - Oil lamps are open bowls with a spout to hold the wick. • ~400 - The candle is invented. • 1809 - Sir Humphrey Davey demonstrates electrical discharge lighting to the Royal Institution in London, using an open-air arc between two carbon rods. The result is a very intense, and very pure white light. Unfortunately, as the arc runs, carbon boils off and the rods wear away: constant attention must be paid to readjusting the arc, feeding more carbon in. • 1841 - Frederick DeMoleyns patented incandescent lamp using filaments of platinum and carbon, protected by a vacuum. • 1880 - Thomas Edison receives U.S. patent #223,898 for the carbon filament incandescent lamp. • 1932 - Low pressure sodium lamps are first used commercially. • 1934 - The high-pressure mercury lamp is introduced. • 1938 - First commercial sale of the fluorescent lamp • 1957 - The quartz halogen lamp (A.K.A. tungsten halogen lamp) is invented. In conventional tungsten lamps, the filament metal slowly evaporates and condenses on the glass envelope, leaving a black stain. In this case, the halogen removes the deposited tungsten and puts it back on the filament. • 1962 - First light emitting diode (LED) • 1966 - Commercial introduction of the high pressure sodium lamp • 1969 - A new form of metal halide lamp, the HMI lamp (mercury medium arc iodides) is introduced. The H stands for mercury (atomic symbol "Hg"), M is for Metals and the I is for halogen components (iodide, bromide). It provides a daylight type spectrum.

  3. LED vs Traditional Light Sources Strengths • No filaments like incandescent lamps. • No electrodes like gas discharge lamps (HPS, Metal Halide, and Fluorescent). • No Mercury in the Light Source • Instant On, Full Color, 100% Light; Cold Start Capable • Promise of Long Life – Reduced Maintenance Costs Weakness • High initial cost compared to traditional sources. • Electronic LED driver life can be drastically reduced if exposed to high heat levels. • Electronic LED drivers provide only a fraction of the surge protection that is offered by HID core and coil ballasts.

  4. LED Luminaire and Component Testing • Reliability System Testing • Humidity • Salt Spray • Water IPX6 • Dust IP6X • Vibration testing • Thermal testing on luminaires at -30°C (-30°F) degree to 40°C(104°F) standard, -40°C to 50°C for certain models. • Thermal testing on components from -40°C to 90°C • Require UL accredited test laboratory

  5. Light Control HID vs. LED with overlayOptics 90° LED Chip Lens 70° 0° 0° 70° of Light Escapes Unaimed 100% Aimable Light 190W 11,000 lms 155W 9,500 lms 0° 0° Point-By-Point (20’ MH, 80’ Spacing) Ave Max Min Max/Min 1.6 4.3 0.35 12.3 Point-By-Point (20’ MH, 80’ Spacing) Ave Max Min Max/Min 1.8 3.6 0.47 7.7

  6. Photometric Testing Integrating Sphere Is used to measure the color metrics (chromaticity, CCT, and CRI).

  7. IES LM-79-08 Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products Luminaire based absolute photometry Total Luminous Flux Luminous Intensity Distribution Electrical Power Luminous Efficacy (LPW - calculated) Color Characteristics Chromaticity CCT CRI Common product performance metrics 8

  8. IndirectLightShield PLAN VIEW Luminaire Photocell Mirror Measuring Luminaire Performance Goniophotometer An apparatus for measuring the directional light distribution characteristics of light sources, luminaires, media, and surfaces.

  9. Same source, same ballast, different performance 150 WATTS 150 WATTS 25’ 85 Lumens per Watt 67 Lumens per Watt 0.46 Average Illuminance 0.93 Average Illuminance Why the “lumens per watt method” of calculating lighting fixture performance alone does not equate to energy efficiency. Although the luminaire on the left is 27% higher in fixture LPW, it produces less than half the average illumination on the ground To give the same illumination as the lower LPW fixtures, over twice as many of the higher LPW fixtures would be needed, resulting in a net energy increase of 102%

  10. Three dimension rendering of light distributions and relative footcandles on ground High LWP post top on left, lower LPW shoebox on right

  11. Luminaire Dirt Depreciation? How much light is coming out of this HID luminaire?

  12. HID │LED LIGHT LOSS FACTORS HID(High Pressure Sodium) LED with IP66 optical enclosure LLF = BF * LDD * LLD BF (Ballast Factor) 1.0 BF (Ballast Factor) 1.0 LDD(Luminaire Dirt Depreciation) 0.90 LDD (LUMINAIRE DIRT DEPRECIATION) 0.95 LLD (Lamp Lumen Depreciation) 0.90 LLD (Lamp Lumen Depreciation) 0.96 LLD = Mean Lumens (@ 50,000+ hours) / Initial Lumens LLD = Mean Lumens (@ 50% of lamp life) / Initial Lumens (12,000 hours) LLF = 0.9 * 0.90 = 0.81 LLF = 0.95 * 0.96 = 0.912 14

  13. HID │LED Lumens 100 HPS (125 watts) 54 watt LED 100W HPS 9,500 lumens 1 square ~3,700 lumens ~70% optic eff. 6,650 lumens Included per LM-79 ~3,700 lumens Street Side Lumens (53%) 3,524 lumens Street Side lumens (80%) 2,960 lumens 0.81 LLF 2,854 lumens 0.912 LLF 2,699 lumens LED Product Providing Equal Task Lumens While Saving 57% Energy. 15

  14. Quality of Light High Pressure Sodium (2000K) Metal Halide (Quartz, Ceramic) COLD LED (6000-6500K) (4000K) Excellent Light Quality, No Sacrifice in Performance

  15. Task Lumens and Light Distribution • 100 watt HPS and 175MV OVX Cobra Head. • Large amount of spill light, hot spots under the pole and low light levels between the poles. • 54 watt LED with 2,643 lumens and AccuLED™ optics with majority of light on the roadway. • Low amount of spill light with lower light levels below the poles and higher minimum levels (3 times the HPS level) between the poles. Even distribution of light. 25’ Mounting height, 150’ spacing, 6’ arm, 5’ setback, 30’ wide roadway AccuLED™ LED 100 HPS 175 MV Light control and distribution is the key to great lighting

  16. 160’ between poles (320’ same side), staggered spacing 30’ MH. LED luminaires installed in Nebraska The luminaires in the above photo feature an internal mirror optical system with initial lumen output of 6,959 lumens. Eliminating hot spots, raising minimum light levels and controlling backlight produces amazing results. Optical distribution and control is the key to a great lighting project.

  17. External Shields

  18. Controlled Optic Advantage Over External Shields 40’ Grid 25’ MH Type 2 Short , 7928 lumens, 78 lumens per watt, with light more than 40’ behind the pole. Type 2 Short with an external shield, 6090 lumens, 60 lumens per watt, light reduced to 20’ behind the pole. Internal Mirror Type 2 Short SL2 optics, 7403 lumens, 73 lumens per watt with light evenly dispersed 10’ to 23’ behind the pole for sidewalk illumination. External shields can reduce luminaire efficiency by as much as 23%. Internal Mirror optics maintain luminaire efficiency by re-directing the light evenly along the roadway.

  19. Light control at night is an important health issue. Unplug! Too Much Light at Night May Lead to Depression Mood disorders join a long list of ailments linked to late-night exposure to artificial lighting, TVs and computer screens By Laura Blue | July 24, 2012 | 9

  20. LED Type 3 Photometric Comparison Type 3 short - 9,354 lumens Type 3 short - 9,600 lumens Internal Mirror Type 3 short- 9,063 lumens 40 foot grid, 25’ mounting height Comparison summary: • Superior distribution patterns lead to increased pole spacing. • High percentage of street side lumens, more light on the road. • Reduced hot spot beneath the pole, even illumination along the roadway.

  21. Compare .5 FC lines, less lumens with better distribution. LED luminaire with 13,730 lumens Internal Mirror 10,999 lumens

  22. How much light is on the roadway? LED vs Induction 40’ Grid 25’ MH Internal mirror LED with Type 2 Short optics, 7403 lumens (103 watts), 73 delivered lumens per watt with light evenly dispersed 10’ to 23’ behind the luminaire for sidewalk illumination. Competitors 165 watt Induction luminaire (180 total watts)Type 3 Short with 8414 delivered lumens, 47 lumens per watt. Light behind the pole for over 40’.

  23. Why field rotatable optics on a roadway fixture? Single 2 square LED with one optical square rotated 90 30’ Mounting Height Illuminate the intersection and roadway with a single luminaire.

  24. LED post top comparison to 100 watt HPS and 175 watt MV 25’ Grid, 15’ Mounting Height ~12,000 hrs ~50,000 hrs UTR 175 watt MV (205 watts) 51 watts UTR 100 watt HPS (125 watts) ~12,000 hrs

  25. Post Top LED comparison 25’ Grid, 15’ Mounting Height 51 watts (86 watts) • With 10% less lumens the luminaire on the left is outperforming the competitors product 3,880 lumens 4,350 lumens • The optic on the left provides even illumination along the sidewalk and roadway. • This competitor provides only 2 optical distributions. The UTLD is available with 10 optical distributions to meet all your lighting requirements. Street side House side Street side House side

  26. IES LM-80-08 Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources Approved method for measuring lumen depreciation of solid-state (LED) light sources, arrays and modules Does not cover measurement of luminaires Does not define or provide methods for estimation of life. 55C, 85C and 3rd LED mfg selected temperature 6000 hours min testing period. 10K preferred. Minimum at least every 1000 hours Separate estimation method (TM-21) Consistent way to measure life-time 28

  27. LM-80-08 • LM-80 -- LED test standard to define Lumen Maint. Life: • L90 (hours): 90% lumen maintenance • L70 (hours): 70% lumen maintenance • Does not consider ‘catastrophic’ failures. • Does not cover predictive estimations or extrapolation. • Test Method: • Min. of 20 samples • Testing (aging) at the LED case temperatures 55°C, 85°C, and a 3rd temp. selected by mfr., for 0 to 6000 h or longer, at every 1000 h. Ambient temperature within - 5°C from the case temperature. • Measured color and any failures shall also be reported. • The ambient temperature during lumen and chromaticity measurements shall be 25°C ± 1°C.

  28. Rebel LED Flux Output at 1.0081 after 10,000 hours Note 85°C case temperature lumen depreciation.

  29. Delta UV at .0004 after 10,000 hours Minimal kelvin temperature shift means white light over the life of the LED

  30. This LED is showing 4.6 % depreciation after 6,000 hours at the 700mA drive current at a case temperature of 85°C

  31. This LED is showing a depreciation of 4% at 10,000 hours with a chromaticity shift of .0034 at the 85°C case temperature at 460mA .

  32. TM-21-11 • LM-80 -- only an LED testing standard • IES TM-21-11 -- mathematical framework for LM-80 data and making useful LED lifetime projections Key points of TM-21: • Developed by major LED suppliers with support of NIST, PNNL • Projection limited to 6x the available LM-80 data set • Projection algorithm: least squares fit to the data set • L70, L80, L90, Lxx projections easily possible • Nomenclature: Lp(Yk)where p is Lumen Maintenance percentage and Y is length of LM-80 data set in thousands of hours ie: L85(10k)

  33. TM-21 – Use the latest data • Initial data variability (i.e. “hump”) is • difficult for models to evaluate (0-1000 hr) • Later data exhibits more characteristic • decay curve of interest • Non-chip decay (encapsulant, etc.) occurs • early and with varying effects on decay curve • Later decay is chip-driven and relatively • consistent with exponential curve • Verification with long duration data sets • (>10,000 hr) shows better model to reality • fit with last 5,000 hours of 10,000 hour data • For 6,000 hours of data (LM-80 minimum) • and up to 10,000 hours: Use last 5,000 hours • For > 10,000 hours: Use the last ½ of the • collected data

  34. TM-21, L70, L80, L90 TM-21 limits reported L70 hours to 6 times the LED test data and combines the Luminaire thermal report information with the LED manufactures LM-80 data to provide accurate prediction of lumen maintenance. • L70 = 70% of initial light output. • L80 = 80% of the initial light output. • L90 = 90% of the initial light output.

  35. Luminaire Classification System (B.U.G.) 180° UH 100° 100° UL 90° 90° FVH BVH 80° 80° BH FH 60° 60° BM Zonal distribution of the fixture are broken up into 10 distinct sections. Values are often in terms of a percentage of overall lamp lumens. FM BL 30° FL 30° 0° Any one rating is determined by the maximum rating obtained for that table. For example, if the BH zone is rated B1, the BM zone is rated B2, and the BL zone is rated B1, then the backlight rating for the luminaire is B2.

  36. Ingress Protection (IP) Ratings

  37. ANSI C136 Exterior Label • C136.15 - American National Standard for Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment – Luminaire Field Identification

  38. Class 2 LED Driver Class 2 drivers = low voltage to the LED

  39. Class 1 LED Driver Class 1 LED luminaires will require impact testing on the LED due to high voltage to the LED

  40. Cool running drivers last longer. Driver T case temperature will affect longevity. →

  41. Make sure the SPD meets UL1449

  42. Check the kA rating of the SPD

  43. What to Look For on a Surge Protector Does not display a UL or CSA marking; non-compliance with Article 285.5 Does not describe short circuit current rating; non-compliance with Article 285.6 Does not incorporate fusing such that SPD becomes disconnected after MOV failure; non-compliance with Article 285.27 May not be 14AWG Wires; possible non-compliance with Article 285.26 Insufficient protection will reduce fixture life.

  44. IES RP8 Table Recommended minimum illuminance levels and maximum uniformity levels for roadways

  45. The IES file will provide the most information on the luminaire. • IES classification •Total lumens • Wattage

  46. Street Side Lumens vs House Side Lumens and BUG Ratings

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