Nutrition

1. Nutrition Chapter 8 Minerals

2. What is the human body made up of • 4 elements : • Oxygen • Carbon • Hydrogen • Nitrogen • All remaining elements that the body is made up of are called MINERALS

3. What is a mineral? • Minerals are necessary for the body to: • Build tissue • Regulate body fluids • Contribute to the production of energy within the body

4. Where are minerals found? • In all body tissues • In water • Natural (unprocessed) foods • In soil

5. How do humans get minerals? • By eating plants grown in mineral-rich soil or by eating animals that have eaten such plants

6. Processed Foods • Highly processed foods such as sugar or white flour contains almost NO minerals, they are added back into the food along with vitamins like Thiamine and niacin….these are called “enriched”

7. Most minerals in food occur as salts which are soluble in water this means… The minerals leave the food and remain in the cooking water Salt

8. How to preserve the minerals during cooking • Cook foods in as little water as possible • Steam food instead • Save all cooking liquids to be used later in soup, gravy and sauces

9. Minerals are divided into 2 groups • Macrominerals Microminerals • Required in lrg. amts Required in sm. Amts • Also called major minerals also called trace minerals

10. What happens when mineral salts dissolve in water? • CHEMISTRY: • They break into separate, electrically charged particles called ions • +charged are called cations • - charges are called anions

11. Cations & Anions • These must balance each other, that’s how your body like it to be • Example: if body fluids contain 200 + charges, the fluid must also contain 200- charges • THESE IONS ARE KNOWN AS ELECTROLYTES

12. ELECTROLYTES • Electrolytes are essential in maintaining the body’s fluid balance, they: • 1) Contribute to the body’s electrical balance • 2) Assist in the transmission of nerve impulses • 3) Assist in the transmission of muscle contraction • 4) Help regulate acid-base balance

13. Well-balanced diet • Usually, a well-balanced diet maintains electrolyte balance

14. How are electrolytes lost • Severe diarrhea • Vomiting • High fever • Burns • Medical intervention is needed in the above cases

15. Toxicity of minerals or electrolytes • They become more than the body can handle • Hair loss • Changes in the blood, hormones, bones, muscles and nearly all tissue • Sometimes if one mineral is taken in high amounts, it causes a deficiency in another mineral

16. Macrominerals • Calcium Ca+ • Phosphorus P • Magnesium Mg+ • Sodium Na+ • Potassium K+ • Chloride Cl+ • Sulfur S

17. Microminerals • Iron Fe+ • Copper Cu+

18. Function: Most abundant mineral. Bone building; regulation of muscle activity; vision. Needs Vit D to be absorbed Source: Milk products Don’t combine hi fiber foods with Ca+, they bind the Ca+ and its not absorbed Macro-MineralCalcium

19. Low Calcium • Having a Ca+ level of < 8.5 causes a condition known as tetany • Muscles cramp and curl esp. in cheek and if you put a BP cuff on the arm, fingers and hand curl

20. Function: Bone and teeth building; needed in cellular structure; cellular energy transfer Source: Lean meat, poultry, nuts, fish, milk products, whole grain cereals Macro-MineralPhosphorus

21. Function: Bone building; glucose utilization, making of energy (ATP), transmission of nerve impulses Source: Nuts, avocados, milk, bananas, leafy greens, whole grains Macro-MineralMagnesium

22. Function: Electrolyte and water balance, osmosis, regulation of nerve and muscle function. Water follows salt, salt loss=dehydration. Excess of Na+(hypernatremia) = edema, seen in HTN and CHF. Found in extracellular fluid Source: Table salt, beef, eggs, poultry, milk, cheese Macro-MineralSodium

23. Hyponatremia Low levels of sodium in the blood, causes nausea, exhaustion, muscle cramps Hypernatremia High levels of sodium in the blood, causes HTN, edema Sodium

24. Function: Found in intracellular fluid Electrolyte balance Osmosis Transmission of nerve impulses and for muscle contraction Source: Bananas, Citrus, potatoes, vegetables, milk, cereals, meat Macro-MineralPotassium

25. Hypokalemia Low levels of K+ in the blood Caused by: Vomiting, diarrhea, DKA, malnutrition, diuretics, tachycardia Causes – muscle weakness, confusion, abnormal HRT beat Hyperkalemia High levels of K+ in the blood Caused by: Dehydration, Na+ and K+ shift, renal failure, excessive intake, Causes irregular HRT beat, confusion, cardiac failure Potassium

26. Function: Electrolyte balance – osmosis, contributes to gastric acidity, it helps the blood carry carbon dioxide to the lungs during immune responses Source: Table salt Macro-MineralChloride

27. Function: Joint lubrication (in body-synthesized amino acids); allergic inflammation The amount of Sulfur the body needs is unknown Source: Meat, fish, milk products Macro-MineralSulfur

28. MICROMINERALS

29. Function: Primary role of iron is to deliver oxygen to body tissues. Iron is a component of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin allows RBC’s to combine with O2 in the lungs and carry it to body tissues Source: Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, legumes, dried fruits Micro-Mineral (Trace mineral)Iron

30. IRON • Iron exists in 2 forms: ferric and ferrous • Iron is needed in the blood, it is part of hemoglobin and transports oxygen • For iron to be absorbed into the body, it must be changed from ferric to ferrous iron. This change occurs in the stomach with the help of HCL acid • Women require more iron than men from age 11 through childbearing years, then women’s intake = men’s intake in menopause

31. Increase need for iron • Infants – have iron stores at birth, once they use it up, they need extra iron in food as supplements • Adolescents- especially girls for menstruation • Pregnancy- d/t new tissue formation and blood volume

32. Iron Deficiency • Causes a decrease in hemoglobin or O2 • People c/o: • S.O.B. • Dizziness • Pallor • Fatigue

33. Function: Needed for normal functioning of the thyroid gland which determines the rate of metabolism Source: Iodized (Table) salt, Seafood, bread, dairy products Micro-MineralIodine

34. Iodine • Is needed to make T3 and T4 in the thyroid gland. • People in 3rd world countries don’t eat table salt. The hypothalamus tells the pituitary to send a messenger called TSH thyroid stimulating hormone to make T3 and T4. When there is no T3 and T4 d/t no salt, the hypothalamus keeps sending a message to the pituitary and TSH is cont’d to be made. This overproduction of TSH makes a goiter form in the neck, it’s a big mass. Some countries find this to be prestigious.

35. Thyroid levels • If a pt has hypothyroidism called “Myxedema” their labs would look like this: • ↑ TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone – this is the thing that turns on the thyroid in order to make T3 and T4 • ↓T3 • ↓ T4

36. Thyroid levels • If a pt has Graves disease, their labs would look like this: • ↓ TSH – because there is just too much T3 and T4, they don’t even need to be stimulated to come out, they just come out full blown • ↑ T3 • ↑ T4

37. Micro-MineralCopper • Copper is found in all tissues but it’s most concentrated in the liver, kidneys, muscles and brain • Copper helps: • 1. the formation of hemoglobin • 2. Aids in the transport of iron to bone marrow • for the formation of RBC’s • 3. Participates in energy production

38. In Review • *Minerals are important to promote growth and regulate body processes • *Deficiencies can result in anemia, rickets, goiter • *Excessive amts of minerals cause hair loss and changes in nearly all body tissues

39. The End