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Section B Question: To what extent can the opening of Pentonville Prison in 1842 be considered as a turning point in a

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Section B Question: To what extent can the opening of Pentonville Prison in 1842 be considered as a turning point in a

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    1. Section B Question: To what extent can the opening of Pentonville Prison in 1842 be considered as a turning point in approaches to the punishment of criminals in Britain between 1830 and 1965?

    2. How do you measure a historical turning point?

    3. What were the overall changes in approaches to Punishment 1830-1965? Read extracts from Godfrey and Lawrence Elmsley What do they argue are the main changes to the approaches to punishment of criminals in this period? What historiographical debates do they say need to be considered when studying these changes?

    4. Main changes C18: Execution or transportation was norm for serious and many minor offences Executions were public. Physical punishments (e.g whipping) remained the norm. Prisons only used to detain debtors or offenders before and after trial. By 1950: System of bodily punishment replaced by exclusive use of the prison for serious crimes. Death penalty abolished by 1969 (although campaign for abolishment developed significantly in C20 before this) Transportation ended in 1860s along with public executions Prison the primary punishment

    5. What were the main events in changing approaches to Punishment 1830-1965? You have already come across some of these events when you made the timelines at the start of this unit. Can you detect a pattern of change in approaches to style/type of punishment? Why do you think the events marked in bold could be seen as notable turning points? Are there other you would initially pick out?

    6. The ones we will study in depth: 1837 Committee on Transportation Opening of Pentonville Prison 1865 Prison Act C20 developments in Prisons Opening of Brixton Prison for women 1908 Childrens Act Trial and Execution of Ruth Ellis

    7. How far had a movement for the reform of approaches to punishment already begun by 1830? In your groups read the section you have been given and make notes using the guiding questions. You must be ready to summarise for the rest of the class your conclusions on how far your factor demonstrated a movement for reform had already begun before 1830 (1750 onwards): You must be PRECISE and realise that you are teaching them NEW information!!

    8. How much change had already happened? By 1830....... But as we will learn, the main turning points in changing approaches took place 1830-1965 yet without the groundwork of the beginnings of the movement for reform in the C18 it is debatable whether these later changes would have happened.

    9. Next week: How far was the Committee on Transportation 1837 a turning point in changing approaches to punishment? Use extract from Roger Whiting and use web research (Learning Curve National Archive/ BBC history/ Spartacus) to make fact file on What transportation was. Can you identify reasons why it began to be viewed as an untenable form of punishment after turn of the century (1800?) Find out what the Molesworth Committee on transportation was in 1837 and what it resulted in.

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