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Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab world .

In "Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World," political scientist Steven Heydemann explores how authoritarian regimes in the Middle East adjust their governance strategies to manage evolving political, economic, and social pressures. Heydemann identifies five key features of this phenomenon, including the containment of civil society, management of political contestation, and strategic economic reforms. Through specific examples like Syria, the text illustrates how these regimes adapt to maintain stability without embracing true democratization, ultimately prioritizing authoritarian upgrades over democratic transition.

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Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab world .

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  1. Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab world. Steven Heydemann By Linda

  2. Steven Heydemann. • Steven Heydemann is a political scientist whose research focuses on democratization and economic reform in the Middle East, and on the relationship between institutions and economic development more broadly.

  3. Outline: • Introduction. • ”Upgrading authoritarianism”. • The fivekey features. • Promotion of democracy in the Middle East. • Ex: Authoritarian upgrading in Syria. • Conclusion.

  4. Introduction. • ”(…)authoritarianupgradinginvolvesreconfiguringauthoritariangovernance to accommodate and managechangingpolitical, economic, and social conditions.” s.145.

  5. The fivekey features. • Appropriating and containing civil societies. • Managingpoliticalcontestation. • Capturing the benefits of selectiveeconomic reforms. • Controlling new communicationstechnologies. • Diversifying international linkages.

  6. ”Upgrading authoriatanism” • Exploitation of social, political and economicsettings. • Makingelectionssafe for authoritaianism. • Selectiveprocesses of economicliberalization. • Strategies to control and manage acces to communicationtechnologies. • Top-down approach to economicliberalizationwithoutpolitical reform.

  7. Promotion of democracy in the Middle East. • ”Authoritarian regimes has beenforced to adjust an reconfigurethemselves in response to pressures for democratic reform.” • ”Strengthening the democratic and oppositional potential of Arab states have reachedtheir limits.”

  8. Authoritarian upgrading in Syria. • Strictcontrol over civil institutions. • When Bashar al-Asadsuccededprecedency in Syria, 2000 hereceived 98 percent of the votes in 2007 hereceived 97,6 percent of the national referendum. • The ba´ath partys control over markets. • Privitazation etc. (RamiMakhloufowner of Syriatel and firstcousin of Bashar al-Asad). • China and Singapore as investors in Syria.

  9. Conclusion. • (…) Arab regimes have concludedthat the most effectivestrategy for resolving the economic, political, and social problems thatthreatentheirstability is not democratization, but the upgrading of authoritarianstrageies of governane,(…) s. 170.

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