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Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory & Working Memory

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory & Working Memory. Psychology 355: Cognitive Psychology Instructor : John Miyamoto 04/22 /2014: Lecture 04-1.

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Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory & Working Memory

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  1. Sensory Memory,Short-Term Memory & Working Memory Psychology 355: Cognitive PsychologyInstructor: John Miyamoto04/22/2014: Lecture 04-1 This Powerpoint presentation may contain macros that were used to create the slides. The macros aren’t needed to view the slides. If necessary, you can disable the macros without any change to the presentation.

  2. Outline • Overview of memory systems:Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory / Working Memory Long-Term Memory What are they? • Sensory memory • Short-term memory • Memory codes: Phonological code, visual/spatial codes, semantic codes Lecture ends here? To Be Discussed Later Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  3. To Be Discussed Later Memory Systems UW: Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  4. Memory Systems • Memory systems retain perceptions, images, motor patterns, experiences, ideas, thoughts, and intentions that were present at one time but are no longer present. Major Functions of Memory Systems • Store information over a period of time (seconds; minutes; hours; years) • Pass information between different memory systems • Encode information (put information into a long-term storage) • Retrieve memories or previous learning based on relevance or usefulness in current processing. • Manipulate information in working memory Modal Model of Memory UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  5. The Modal Memory Model(Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) Control Processes Retrieval Encoding SensoryStore Short-TermStore Long-TermStore ExternalWorld Output:Speech & Actions Example: Rachel Looks Up a Phone Number UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  6. What happens as Rachel looks up a phone number? (a) She looks at the page in the phone book. Perceptual information enters sensory memory. (b) She pays attention to the relevant phone number. The number is stored in short-term memory (STM). (c) She dials the phone number while main-taining the number in STM (rehearsal). Example Continued UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  7. What happens as Rachel looks up a phone number? (d) She memorizes the phone number (stores the number in long- term memory or LTM). This process is called encoding. (e) Days later, she retrieves the number from LTM. Return to the Modal Memory Model UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  8. The Modal Memory Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) Control Processes SensoryMemory Long-TermMemory Short-TermMemory Input Output:Speech & Actions SUMMARY OF MAJOR MEMORY SYSTEMS • Sensory Memory – brief storage of current perceptual inputs. • STM – short-term storage of current mental activity • STM or Working Memory (WM) has multiple components • LTM – long-term storage of experiences, thoughts, facts • LTM also has multiple components Definition of Sensory Memory UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  9. Distinction Between STM & LTM • Standard STM example: Remember the following words: • We will wait, perhaps, 15 seconds.Then I’ll ask you to tell me the words that you read in the order that they were written. • Another STM example: You know where you are right now and what you are doing there. You are actively processing this information (along with other thoughts). • LTM refers to a variety of memory processes that allow retrieval of memories that are not currently preserved in STM. hand, chair, reed, bottle hand, chair, reed, bottle Illustration of LTM from Goldstein Textbook UW: Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  10. Figure 6.1: Example of the STM/LTM Distinction STM LTM List of Functions That Are Included in LTM UW: Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  11. LTM Includes ..... • Important information about the self and events in the world, but also, ... • Trivial information about what has happened in the recent past, • e.g., what was the picture at the beginning of the lecture), and also, .... • “Semantic” knowledge, e.g., what is an apple, a pencil; which is bigger, a mouse or a moose; etc. • How to do things: Tie your shoes, drive a car, dial a phone number, cook a meal, .... • Learned associations that are not explicit, e.g., the atmosphere of a dentist’s office makes you feel apprehensive. Diagram of Modal Memory Model – Next Topic = Sensory Memory UW: Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  12. The Modal Memory Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) Control Processes SensoryMemory Long-TermMemory Short-TermMemory Input Output:Speech & Actions SUMMARY OF MAJOR MEMORY SYSTEMS • Sensory Memory – brief storage of current perceptual inputs. • STM – short-term storage of current mental activity • STM or Working Memory (WM) has multiple components • LTM – long-term storage of experiences, thoughts, facts • LTM also has multiple components Next Definition of Sensory Memory UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  13. Sensory Memory • Example: Sparkler trail or flash image in a dark room. • Sensory memory is the retention of the effects of sensory stimulation.Very brief – less then 1 second. • Sensory memory is partly due to processes that are close to level of the receptors, but it has a major component that is central. • "Central" means at the level of the brain, e.g., the level of the visual cortex for visual stimuli; the level of the auditory cortex for auditory stimuli, etc. • What are the capacity limits for visual sensory memory?How much information is stored? How long can it be stored? Diagram: Where Is the Capacity Limit in the Memory System? UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  14. Evidence for a Capacity Limit on Sensory or Short-Term Memory • Suppose a letter array is flashed onthe screen to the right. • Can you name all of the letters ina specific row, e.g., in Row 3? E R U P W I N Q M X T V Y S O K Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  15. Evidence for a Capacity Limit on Sensory or Short-Term Memory • Suppose a letter array is flashed onthe screen to the right. • Can you name all of the letters ina specific row, e.g., in Row 3? • The task is easy if I tell you therow to remember before I flash the letter array. (See letter array to the right.) Pay attention to Row 2. Answer: P E C Z E R U P W I N Q M X T V Y S O K O A W N P E C Z H X M U V F B I O A W N P E C Z H X M U V F B I Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  16. Evidence for a Capacity Limit on Sensory or Short-Term Memory • Suppose a letter array is flashed onthe screen to the right. • Can you name all 16 letters in thearray? • The task is hard if I ask you to remember all 16 letters in the letter array. (See letter array to the right.) What were the 16 letters in the array? E R U P W I N Q M X T V Y S O K U R V X Y Z Q M I C D W L T J N U R V X Y Z Q M I C D W L T J N Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  17. Controversy: Is the capacity limit a limit on sensory memory, or short-term memory? • We have evidence that a capacity limit exists: You can accurately report a pre-selected 4 letters from a 12 letter array, but you can't accurately report all 12 letters. • Is there a limit on the capacity of sensory memory? Transfer too slow? Limit here? Limit here? SensoryMemory Long-TermMemory Short-TermMemory Input Sperling's Partial Report Paradigm UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  18. Sperling’s Partial Report Procedure (Paradigm) • Digression on Terminology: An "experimental paradigm" is a type of experiment. Often there will be many experiments that all use the same paradigm. • Purpose of Sperling's partial report paradigm: To determine what are the limits on the capacity of sensory memory. • To save lecture time, I will not explain the partial report paradigm in lecture. • Students will be responsible for knowing its purpose and its conclusions, but not how it works. • Sperling’s partial report paradigm is important for perceptual psychology.Not so important for higher cognitive processes. Diagram: Conclusion re Capacity of Sensory Memory UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  19. Conclusion of Partial Report Experiment • Very large, possibly unlimited capacity. • Information decays to 0 within 1 second. Control Processes Input SensoryMemory Long-TermMemory Short-TermMemory Output: Speech/Actions Diagram Showing Possible Loci of the Capacity Limitation UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  20. What Are the Limits on Memory Capacity? • Limit on memory capacity refers to a limit on the amount of information that can be held in memory. • Not the amount of information that can be input to memory (encoding), and not the amount of information that can be retrieved from memory (retrieval). Sensory memory – very large, approximately unlimitedShort-Term memory – ? Long-Term memory – very large, approximately unlimited • Next: Introduction to Short-Term Memory & Working Memory Overview of Short-Term Memory & Working Memory UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  21. Overview of Short-Term Memory (STM) & Working Memory (WM) Short-Term Memory (STM) • Intermediate processing stage between sensory memory & long-term memory • Emphasis on quantitative aspects: • Limited in amount of information storage. • Limited duration of storage. Working Memory (WM) – evolved out of the concept of STM • Same as above plus some additional ideas • Multicomponent system – verbal, visual-spatial, episodic components • Emphasis on manipulation of information & control of information flow. What are the Capacity Limits of STM? UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  22. What Are the Limits on STM Capacity? • George Miller, "The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two." What is this about? Two Key Questions • How many separate pieces of information can be held in STM? (Topic of today's lecture) • How long does information last in STM if we don't actively process it? (Next lecture) Two Questions re Capacity Limits UW Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

  23. Tuesday, April 22, 2014: The Lecture Ended Here Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '14

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