1. Memory Chapter Nine

2. What is Memory? • Maintenance of learning over time • What good is remembering if you can’t recall it? • Declarative, Procedural, Episodic • Flashbulb Memories • Information Processing • Encoding  Storage  Retrieval • Sensory Memory  Short-Term Memory  Long-Term Memory

3. Encoding • Automatic (Implicit) vs. Effortful (Explicit) Processing • Rehearsal Effects • Maintenance Rehearsal • Interference • Elaborative Rehearsal • Ebbinghaus • Forgetting Curve • How we encode • Distributed Rehearsal • Spacing Effect • Serial Position Effect • Primacy and Recency Effect • Graph

4. What we encode • Semantic Encoding • Organizing • Chunking • Hierarchies • Acoustic Encoding • Visual Encoding • Mnemonics • Peg Word Mnemonic

5. Storage • Sensory Memory • Iconic Memory • Eidetic Memory • Echoic Memory • Short-Term Memory • Miller’s Magic Number 7+2 • Maintenance Rehearsal • Long-Term Memory • Effectively Limitless

6. Retrieval • Recognition vs. Recall • Retrieval cues • Tip-of-the-Tongue • Semantic priming • Context Effects • Context Dependent Memory • State Effects • State Dependent Memory • Mood Congruent Memories • Stroop Effect

7. Biology of Memory • “Memory is Reconstructive Not Reproductive” • Lashley (1950) • Removed cortex of rat’s who had learned a maze • Penfield (1969) • Motor Cortex stimulation • Doty (1998) • Memory “defies comprehension” • Synaptic Changes • Aplysia – release of serotonin • Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) • more receptors more NT

8. More Bio • Stress Hormones • Release of these hormones improves memory • Flashbulb memory • Implicit (Procedural) & Explicit (Declarative) Memories • Oliver Sacks • Jimmie & Anterograde Amnesia • These people can learn procedures, but not recall learning them!! • Yes, this is Memento! • Retrograde Amnesia

9. Brain Structures and Memory • Hippocampus • Lateralized like the Hemispheres!! • Amygdala • Frontal Lobes • Coordinate various structures • Cerebellum • Thompson et al • Found path from Cerebellum to brainstem for creating an association

10. Forgetting • Schacter’s Seven Principles • Forgetting • Absent-Mindedness (Inattention) • Transience (Decay) • Blocking (Tip of the Tongue) • Distortion • Misattribution • Suggestibility (Loftus) • Bias • Intrusion • Persistence (NOT being able to block out a painful memory)

11. Forgetting • Encoding Failure • Pennies, Letters on the Phone etc. .. • Storage Decay • Ebbinghaus (1885) • Retrieval Failure • Proactive vs. Retroactive Interference • Repression?

12. Memory Construction • Memory Is Reconstructive NOT Reproductive • Misinformation Effect • Imagination Effect • False Memory Syndrome (FMS) • False Memories actually “light up” different parts of the brain!! • Hippocampus lights up equally – actual memories light up the left temporal lobe, but false memories did not!! • Eileen Franklin • Children and Memory Accuracy