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Human Factors

This comprehensive guide delves into the mental processes pilots use to make critical decisions during flight. It emphasizes a systematic approach defined by the DECIDE model, which includes Detecting changes, Estimating needs, Choosing outcomes, Identifying actions, Doing the necessary, and Evaluating Crew Resource Management (CRM). Key topics include workload management during flight phases, the importance of situational awareness, and strategies to prevent hazardous attitudes and disorientation. The content serves as an essential resource for improving pilot training and operational safety.

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Human Factors

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  1. Human Factors

  2. Aeronautical Decision Making • A systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances

  3. Aeronautical Decision Making • D etect a change • E stimate what is needed • C hoose a successful outcome • I dentify actions required • D o the necessary • E valuate

  4. CRM • Crew resource management is the effective use of all available resources, human resources, hardware and information

  5. LOFT • Line-Oriented Flight Training is a developing training technology synthesizing high-fidelity aircraft simulation and high-fidelity line-operations simulation to provide realistic, dynamic pilot training in a simulated line environment.

  6. PIC Responsibilities • Understand roles • PF Pilot Flying • PNF Pilot Not Flying • Communication • Sender • Medium • Receiver

  7. Resource Use • Other Pilot/passengers • Navigation equipment • Flight Service Station • Instrument charts • Sectional and WAC charts • Pilot operating handbook

  8. Workload Management • What are the periods of high workload? • Takeoff and departure • Arrival • Approach and landing

  9. Workload management • What are the periods of low workload? • Preflight and taxi • Enroute • Taxi to the ramp

  10. Workload management • Things to be accomplished ahead of time • Organizing charts • Setting Radio frequencies • Writing down expected altitudes and route clearances • Prepare for what is to come next

  11. Situational Awareness • Know where you are • Know your own fitness • Know the condition of your plane • Know weather trends • Know ATC instructions

  12. Situational Awareness • Lack of situational awareness often leads to CFIT - Controlled Flight into Terrain • Poor interpretation of charts • Misunderstanding or misleading ATC clearances

  13. Aids to CFIT • GPWS - Ground proximity warning systems • EGPWS - Enhanced ground proximity warning system

  14. Common Sense • 5 P’s • Prior • Planning • Prevents • Poor • Performance

  15. Hazardous attitudes • Anti-authority • rules and procedures are unnecessary • Macho • best pilot • Impulsivity • first action that comes to mind

  16. Hazardous Attitudes • Invulnerability • bulletproof • Resignation • What’s the use?

  17. Aviation Physiology

  18. Disorientation • Kinesthetic sense is the term used to describe an awareness of position obtained from the nerves in your skin, joints and muscles.

  19. Spatial Disorientation • Conflict between the signals relayed by your central vision and information provided by your central vision • Movement of snow or rain out the window • Airplane next to you begins to taxi

  20. Vestibular Disorientation • Coriolis illusion(in turn move head) • Graveyard spiral • Leans • Somatogravic illusion (acceleration = climb) • Inversion illusion (climb to S&L= backwards)

  21. Disorientation • To prevent disorientation, one must rely on instruments, not body signals.

  22. Motion Sickness • Symptoms • Nausea • Sweating • Dizziness • Vomiting

  23. Hypoxia • Hypoxic • high altitudes • Hypemic • CO, anemia, smoking • Stagnant • high G’s • Histotoxic • alcohol, drugs

  24. Time of Useful Consciousness Altitude Time 45,000 9 to 15 Seconds 40,000 15 to 20 Seconds 30,000 1 to 2 Minutes 25,000 3 to 5 Minutes

  25. Supplemental Oxygen • Requirement for Part 91 differ from Part 135. • Part 91 • Crew 12,500 for over 30 minutes • Crew 14,000 for the duration of flight • All 15,000 for the duration of flight

  26. Decompression sickness • 12 hrs to 8000’ msl no decompression • 24 hrs if higher or with decompression

  27. Hyperventilation • Drowsiness • Dizziness • Shortness of breath • Feelings of suffocation

  28. IM SAFE • Illness • Medication • Stress • Alcohol • Fatigue • Emotion or Eat

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