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Development of urogenital system

Development of urogenital system. 陳建榮. Development of Urogenital System. Adrenal Glands Kidneys The development of the kidneys from the pronephros to their ascent to the level of L1. Reproductive System

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Development of urogenital system

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  1. Development of urogenital system 陳建榮

  2. Development of Urogenital System Adrenal Glands Kidneys The development of the kidneys from the pronephros to their ascent to the level of L1. Reproductive System The development of male and female genitalia from the partitioning of the cloaca to the final differentiated state.

  3. Embryology of the urogenital system • -Urinary system • Genital system • Urogenital ridge泌尿生殖嵴 (intermediate mesoderm) along the posterior abdominal wall • -- urinary system  nephrogenic cord生腎索 • -- genital system  gonadal ridge生殖嵴 • Kidney develops first (functional; reproductive later) 生腎索

  4. 原腎 Urinary system 中腎 後腎 Genital system 生殖嵴

  5. Normal Development of the Adrenal Glands Formation of the adrenal cortex The adrenal glands is derived from the intermediate mesoderm and ectoderm. The adrenal glands have two developmentally distinct parts: the medulla and the cortex. Formation of the adrenal medulla Development of zones of adrenal gland

  6. 球小帶 束狀帶 網狀帶

  7. 6th weeks 體腔上皮 體腔上皮

  8. Normal Development of the Adrenal Glands Formation of the adrenal cortex Formation of the adrenal medulla Neural crest cells migrate into the center of this aggregate to develop the adrenal medulla. The cells differentiate into sympathetic nerve cells and show evidence of catecholamine production in 10th week of fetal life. Development of zones of adrenal gland 10th week 神經嵴

  9. Normal Development of the Adrenal Glands • Formation of the adrenal cortex • Formation of the adrenal medulla • Development of zones of adrenal gland • During fetal period • zona glomerulus球小帶 • zona fasciculata束狀帶 • 3 years old • zona reticularis網狀帶forms • The fetal adrenal glands are larger than the fetal kidney at four months. Even at birth they are relatively quite large (about 20 times their relative size in the adult). • After birth, the fetal cortex rapidly undergoes regression.

  10. 2 1 3

  11. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) 先天性腎上腺增生不全

  12. Normal Development of the Urinary System Development of kidney Early kidney development (pronephros原腎) Development of mesonephros中腎 Development of metanephros後腎Ascent of the kidneys Development of the Urinary Bladder

  13. Normal Development of theKidneys • Pronephros:原腎(4th week, nonfunctional) • mesenchymal cell aggregates in neck region of embryo, and soon transformed into ligament • pronephros attached to pronephric ducts原腎管 • promesonephric ducts used in next stage of kidney development, these ducts end in the cloacal region caudal to the mesenchymal cell aggregates of the pronephros. • Mesonephros: • Metanephros:

  14. 原腎 原腎管 中腎管 中腎 後腎

  15. Normal Development of the Kidneys • Pronephros: (4th week, nonfunctional) • Mesonephros: 中腎(functional) • mesonephros begins development late in 4th week lie caudal to pronephros • mesonephros consists of glomeruli and mesonephric tubules中腎小管 which open into mesonephric duct, a continuation of the pronephric duct mesonephric duct opens into cloaca • mesonephros proper degenerates but tubules and ducts have derivatives in adult males (tubules form ductuli efferentes輸出小管 and ducts form a number of reproductive structures to be discussed later). • Metanephros:

  16. 中腎管 中腎小管

  17. 中腎小管 中腎管 中腎小泡 腎絲球囊

  18. Development of the Metanephros後腎: • The ureteric bud尿道芽體 forms from an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct near the cloaca. The ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts and collecting tubules are all formed from the ureteric bud. • The metanephric mesenchyme forms from the caudal portion of the intermediate mass, and it surrounds the end of the ureteric bud. • As the kidney grows the ureteric bud forms finger-like projections. • The first 4 generations of the projections form the major calyx, the next 2 generations form the minor calyces, and the remaining projections form the straight and arched collecting tubules.

  19. 腎大盞 腎小盞 腎盂 尿道芽體 後腎原基

  20. 尿道芽體

  21. 腎盂

  22. Normal development of Nephrons • The arched collecting tubules induce growth of the surrounding mesenchyme, which forms a tubule in the metanephric mass後腎原基 of mesoderm. • These tubules form the parts of the nephron: glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, convoluted tubule, loop of Henle. • Formation of the nephrons of the permanent kidney begins at 8th week. • The metanephric vesicles elongate to form tubules which directly contact the arched collecting tubules. • The metanephric tubules are lobulated and remain this way until after birth.

  23. 後腎小泡 後腎原基 • Metanephric mass: • Bowman's capsule • Proximal and distal convoluted tubule • Loop of Henle 後腎小管

  24. Normal Development of the Urinary System Development of kidney Early kidney development (pronephros) Development of mesonephros Development of metanephros Ascent of the kidneys Development of the Urinary Bladder

  25. Ascent of the kidneys • During the 5th and 6th weeks of development, the mature kidneys lie in the pelvis with their hila pointed anteriorly. • As the pelvis and abdomen grow, the kidneys slowly move upward. • By the 7th week, the hilum points medially and the kidneys are located in the abdomen. • As the embryo continues to grow in a caudal direction, the kidneys come to lie in a retroperitoneal position at the level of L1 by the 9th week of development. 9th week 7th week

  26. Renal agenesis腎臟發育不全 Bilateral renal agenesis Malrotated kidney腎臟旋轉不良 Ectopic kidney異位性腎臟 Duplication of urinary tract Ectopic ureter異位性輸尿管

  27. Horseshoe kidney馬蹄腎

  28. Accessory renal arteries

  29. Duplication of urinary tract

  30. Development of Urinary Bladder • Cloaca (uro-rectal septum泌尿直腸隔) • urogenital sinus泌尿生殖竇 • Anorectal canal肛門直腸管 • The uro-genital sinus may be divided into three component parts. • The cranial portion : allantois and forms the bladder proper. • The pelvic part : prostatic urethra and bulbo urethral glands in the male and the membranous urethra and part of the vagina in females. • The caudal portion: penile urethra in males and the vestibule in females.

  31. The trigone portion is formed by the caudal ends of the mesonephric ducts. • The mesonephric ducts begin to become incorporated into the wall of the bladder dragging the ureters along with them. • The mesonephric ducts enter the prostatic part of the urethra. • In females, the ducts then degenerate. In males, the ducts form the origin of the ejaculatory ducts.                                                                                                                     

  32. The bladder is initially continuous with the allantois. • Over time, the allantois degenerates to form a cord-like structure, the urachus. • The urachus goes from the umbilicus to the apex of the bladder and forms the median umbilical ligament which can be seen in adults.

  33. Urachal anomalies 臍尿管異常

  34. Extrophy of bladder膀胱外翻

  35. Extrophy of bladder Normal

  36. Normal development of Reproductive System • Bipotential Phase • Early Development (pre-differentiation) Partitioning of the Cloaca • Male Development • Development of the Testes Development of External Genitalia • Female Development • Development of the Ovaries Development of the Vagina Development of External GenitaliaSummary of Derivatives of Embryonic Structures

  37. The chromosomal & genetic sex of an embryo is determined at fertilization by the kind of sperm that fertilizes the ovum. • Male & female characteristics begin to develop at the 7th week. • The early genital system in the two sexes are similar  the initial period of genital development is called indifferent stage of sexual development.

  38. Early Genital System Development • Early in the 4th week, the primordial germ cells may be seen in the endoderm around the allantois. • These germ cells migrate under the coelomic epithelium, around the gut to the dorsal mesentery. 生殖嵴

  39. Regulation of germ cell migration

  40. Indifferent Gonads • It is the Initial stage in 5th week  thickened area of mesothelium develops on the medial side of the mesonephros  proliferation  form a bulge on the medial side (Gonadal (genital) ridge生殖嵴). • Primary sex cord性腺索( fingerlike epithelial cords)  grow into the underlying mesenchyme. • The indifferent gonad consists of an external cortex and internal medulla • In femalethe cortex of indifferent gonads form the ovary & the medulla regress. • In male the medulla  form the testis & cortex regress except for vestigial remnants.(SRY)

  41. 生殖嵴

  42. Development of the Gonads(Testes & Ovary) • The gonads (testes & ovary) are derived from 3 sources: • The mesodermal epithelium lining the posterior abdominal wall. • The underlying mesenchyme. • The primordial germ cells原始胚細胞.

  43. Partitioning of Cloaca • The caudal end of the hindgut is lined with endoderm and is known as the cloaca. • At the end of the cloaca, the there is a cloacal membrane which separates the endoderm from the surface ectoderm.

  44. The uro-rectal septum泌尿直腸隔 migrates caudally to divide the cloaca into dorsal and ventral aspects. • On the ventral side, attaching to the allantois is the primitive uro-genital sinus泌尿生殖竇. The primitive ano-rectal canal肛門直腸竇 lies dorsally. • As the division is completed, at 7th weeks, the cloacal membrane is also divided into uro-genital membrane泌尿生殖膜 and anal membrane肛門膜. Urogenital sinus Ano-rectal canal

  45. As the urogenital septum is migrating caudally, the intermediate masses are also proliferating. • These mesodermal masses form a genital tubercle生殖結節 at the ventral tip of the cloacal membrane. • Labioscrotal陰唇陰囊隆起 swellings and urogenital folds develop shortly thereafter on each side of the cloacal membrane. • When the urogenital septum reaches the cloacal membrane, dividing it into anal membrane and urogenital membrane. • The embryo is still in its bipotential phase at this point and has the potential to develop either male or female external genitalia. 生殖結節 泌尿生殖膜 陰唇陰囊隆起 肛門膜

  46. Normal development of Reproductive System • Bipotential Phase • Early Development (pre-differentiation) Partitioning of the Cloaca • Male Development • Development of the Testes Development of External Genitalia • Female Development • Development of the Ovaries Development of the Vagina Development of External GenitaliaSummary of Derivatives of Embryonic Structures

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