TAKS OBJECTIVE 2

1. TAKS OBJECTIVE 2

2. Levels of organization: Atoms  Molecules  Organelles  Cells  Tissues Organs  Organ Systems  Organisms  Populations  Communities  Biosphere

3. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species You probably learned it as: “Did King Popeye come over for green spinach?” There are Eight Categories:

5. A prokaryotic cell A eukaryotic cell Two Major Types of Cells

6. Have a nucleus? PRO – NO! EUKS have – NUKES

7. Cell energy: Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide + Water+ Energy) Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + NRG from sun C6H12O6 + 6O2 ( Carbon dioxide + Water + NRG  Glucose + Oxygen )

8. Cellular Respiration • C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + NRG • Occurs in mitochondria of almost all living things

9. 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide plus Water produces Glucose and Oxygen

10. Animal and Plant Cells Have More Similarities Than Differences

12. Nucleus Nuclear Membrane

13. ER Ribosomes

14. The Lysosome Digests food or cellular invaders Recycles cell components Cellular suicide

15. Mitochondria

16. Animal vs. Plant Cells – Chloroplasts Are a Big Part of the Difference

17. Chloroplasts – the solar panel of the plant cell

18. Two other unique features of plant cells

19. Transport of Nutrients Across the Cell membrane • Cell membranes are selectively permeable – they allow only certain things to pass through them • Homeostasis – maintaining a stable internal environment amid changes outside

20. Passive Transport – requires no energy. • Diffusion - particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. • Osmosis – diffusion of water.

21. Passive Transport – no energy needed

22. Hypertonic – cell gets skinny. Higher concentration of solute outside the cell so water moves out.

23. Hypotonic – cell gets larger. Higher concentration of solute inside the cell so water moves in

24. Isotonic – water continually moves in and out, no overall change. The concentration of solute is the same inside and outside of the cell.

25. Active Transport – energy needed

26. Active Transport – energy needed Phagocytosis – food Pinocytosis- liquid

27. DNA: • Made of nucleotides: • Sugar (deoxyribose) • Phosphate • Base

28. 4 different bases: • Guanine • Cytosine • Adenine • Thymine • Guanine always pairs with Cytosine Adenine always pairs with Thymine • GoCAT – G-C and A-T

29. Genetic Information:DNA • Strand 1: TACTTTAGTAAC • Strand 2: ATGAAATCATTG

30. DNA Copied – REPLICATION

31. RNA: • Made of nucleotides (Sugar, phosphate, base) • Sugar is Ribose • Bases: Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine and Uracil (not thymine) • G-C-A-U • Single Stranded

32. Protein Synthesis(Making Proteins): TRANSCRIPTION • Code is recopied (DNA  RNA) • DNA strand: TACTTTAGTAAC mRNA strand: AUGAAAUCAUUG • So the message can leave the nucleus and go to the ribosome

33. Protein Synthesis: TRANSLATION • mRNA message (codon) is read by the ribosome • tRNA with anticodon brings in amino acid • Amino acid is removed to add to the protein and the ribosome moves to the next codon

34. Protein Synthesis

36. VAL SER tRNA anticodon mRNA Codon mRNA Codon mRNA Codon MET PRO tRNA tRNA tRNA anticodon anticodon anticodon mRNA Codon Phenylal-anine Leucine Glycine GlutamicAcid AsparticAcid Serine U C G A A C G U U G G U A C Tyrosine C A A U C G Alanine G U A C Stop A C A C G U U Cysteine G G U G U Valine A C Stop A C G U Typtophan G U A C G U Arginine A A C C A Leucine C U G Serine G U A C A C C A Lysine U G G U Proline U G C A Asparagine A C G U U G C A Histdine A G C U Threonine Glutamine Methionine Arginine Isoleucine This Is the “start” codon and begins the amino acid chain.

37. Mutation – a change in a DNA sequence, which can lead to a change in RNA, which can lead to a change in an amino acid which can lead to a change in a protein. • Point Mutation -is a mutation in a single base pair. Ex: Sickle-cell anemia • Deletion –affects more than one base, and changes the whole code. • Insertion –also affects more than one base, changes the whole code. • These can be harmful, even fatal • Sometimes the mutation can be helpful and help the offspring survive better in their environment

38. GENETICS: • For each of your traits you get one allele from your mother, and another allele from your father. You have 2 copies of most genes • Genotype – tells you which alleles an organism has (the letters like “g”) • Phenotype – tells you what the organism looks like

39. Different Genotypes Can Produce the Same Phenotype

40. Dominant – trait that usually shows up – For example, the trait shown by “P” would be seen whether the alleles were “PP” (homozygous) or “Pp (heterozygous) - purple Recessive – trait that is only seen if both recessive alleles (pp) are present - white

41. Digestive - Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients • Nervous - Detects changes outside and inside your body and controls the way you respond to these changes • Skeletal - Helps us move, protects internal organs, gives your body shape and support. It also stores minerals and produces red blood cells

42. Endocrine -Produces chemical messengers called hormones. Some hormones help control homeostasis, others control growth and development • Reproductive - In males sperm are produced, in females eggs are produced • Integumentary (Skin) - Forms a protective barrier, prevents water loss, controls body temperature, and gathers information about surroundings

43. Immune - Protects the body from infection • Circulatory - Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries waste from cells. • Respiratory - Moves oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body.

44. Muscular - Responsible for voluntary movements (jumping) and involuntary movements (breathing) • Excretory - Removes waste from body and maintains homeostasis • Lymphatic - Returns leaked fluid to the circulatory system. It also filters bacteria and other microorganisms from this fluid

45. Homeostasis • This is the maintenance of the normal operating conditions of an organism. • Control of body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and hormone levels all need to be maintained.

46. Structural System - 1 • Bones are to • Support & structure • Make blood cells • Allow movement • Muscle attachments • Ligaments hold joints together

47. Structural System – 2 • 3 types of muscles • Smooth, involuntary • Striated, voluntary • Cardiac, heart muscle somewhat like both above • Allow for movement • Attached by tendons above and below joints

48. Nervous System - 1 Consists of brain and spinal chord Voluntary, you control and choose Involuntary, allows parts to keep functioning without you knowing Nerve cells send and receive information . .

49. Nervous System - 2 • Involuntary is controlled by the medulla oblongata of the brain. • This is how you keep breathing while sleeping and digest food without thinking about it.

50. Circulatory System - 1 • This system helps to connect many other systems as it provides the transport of substances from one organ to another. • Every cell must touch a blood vessel to take in what it needs and get rid of waste. • Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry it back to the heart. • The heart pumps the blood