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Key Progressive Reforms Under Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson

This study guide outlines significant reforms during the Progressive Era led by Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. Focused on establishing fair treatment for businesses, workers, and consumers, key initiatives include Roosevelt's Square Deal, Wilson's New Freedom, and major amendments such as the 16th (income tax), 17th (direct Senate election), 18th (prohibition), and 19th (women's suffrage). The guide discusses the creation of the Federal Reserve System, the Pure Food and Drug Act, and antitrust measures to combat monopolies, illustrating a shift toward government intervention in the economy and social issues.

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Key Progressive Reforms Under Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson

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  1. Chapter 18 Study Guide

  2. Square Deal • A program for reform in which President Roosevelt sought fair and honest treatment for businesses, workers, and consumers.

  3. New Freedom • As President Woodrow Wilson sought to eliminate all trusts because he believed they were denying economic freedom to small businesses and ordinary citizens.

  4. Pure Food and Drug act • A law passed under President Roosevelt which established a new agency to test and approve drugs before they went on the market.

  5. Federal Reserve System • Passed under president Wilson it established a central bank which lends money to member banks when they are short. It divides the country into 12 districts which follow set rules.

  6. Sixteenth Amendment • Established a graduated income tax requiring people who make more money to pay more money.

  7. Seventeenth Amendment • Allowed for the direct election of Senators.

  8. Eighteenth Amendment • Prohibited the making, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors.

  9. Nineteenth Amendment • Gave women the right to vote.

  10. 1. Roosevelt ordered the Justice Department to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities Company, a railroad holding company, and the suit was successful. He also signed the Hepburn Act, authorizing federal regulation of railroad transport.

  11. 2. Presidents of the Progressive Era actively pushed • for reforms. By ending the laissez-faire approach of • government toward big business, they challenged the • economic and political power of the industrial giants. • They also worked to end corruption

  12. 3. Roosevelt used a revitalized Sherman Antitrust Act • to regulate monopolies. He tried to break up only • those trusts that were created specifically to squash • competition. Taft prosecuted any trust that limited • trade, regardless of the intent of its creators. Wilson • went even further, laying out rules that made it harder • for trusts to be created

  13. 4. Roosevelt, who ended a coal strike through • arbitration, believed that government should be • impartial in labor disputes. Taft’s Department of • Labor established the Children’s Bureau to improve • the welfare of children. Wilson pushed for a ban on • child labor. Through the Clayton Antitrust Act, Wilson • protected labor unions from antitrust legislation. Taft • and Wilson both supported the eight-hour workday.

  14. 5. Muir, through the environmental organization the • Sierra Club, worked to preserve wilderness lands from • all development. Pinchot, as head of the U.S. Forest • Service, allowed limited economic development of • the natural environment, favoring conservation over • preservation. Progressives supported both approaches.

  15. 6. All three presidents pushed key reforms through • Congress, although Taft’s acceptance of higher tariffs • tarnished his record as a progressive.

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