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The Impact of Geography on Ancient Civilizations and Cultural Development

This comprehensive overview explores the significant relationship between geography and the development of ancient civilizations, particularly during the Neolithic Revolution. It delves into how fertile river valleys, such as the Nile, Indus, Tigris, and Euphrates, facilitated permanent settlements and the rise of agriculture. The analysis highlights how natural features shaped societal structures, trade, communication, and cultural diffusion. By examining regions like China, Japan, and Europe, we discern how geography influenced cultural practices, governance, and populations through history.

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The Impact of Geography on Ancient Civilizations and Cultural Development

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  1. World Associations Global History

  2. Neolithic Revolution • Permanent Settlement (Town & Villages) • Farming • Domestication

  3. Earliest Civilizations • Along river Valleys/fertile soil • Nile, indus,huanghe, Tigris and Euphrates • Egyptian civilization, Indus civilization, And Mesopotamia

  4. River Valleys • Fertile Soil • Communication And Transportation • Unify People

  5. GEOGRAPHY/GEOGRAPHICALFEATURES • INFLUENCE PEOPLE’S CULTURE OR WAY OF LIFE • AFFECTS DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

  6. ART AND ARCHITECTURE INSOCIETY • REFLECT OR TELL US SOMETHING ABOUT THAT CULTURE • IN TOTALITARIAN SOCIETIES IT REFLECTS THE WILL OF THE RULER REFLECTS A SOCIETY’S TECHNOLOGY

  7. HAMMURABI’S CODE(Babylon) • SOCIAL ORDER • STRICT _”EYE FOR AN EYE” • LIKE OTHER CODES OF LAW

  8. MANDATE OFHEAVEN/DYNASTIC CYCLE • SIMILAR TO THE EUROPEAN THEORY OF DIVINE RIGHT • BELIEVED AUTHORITY TO RULE CAME FORM GOD • ENDS IN 1911 (1ST CHINESE REVOLUTION)

  9. CHINA’S GEOGRAPHY • NATURAL BOUNDARIES • ISOLATION • ETHNOCENTRISM (MIDDLE KINGDOM)

  10. JAPAN’S GEOGRAPHY • ARCHIPELAGO/ LACK OF NATURAL RESOURCES/MOUNTAINOUS • ISOLATION (UNTIL 19TH CENTURY) AND HOMOGENEITY • DEPENDENCY ON TRADE - INTERDEPENDENT

  11. W. EUROPE’S GEOGRAPHY • IRREGULAR COASTLINES • TRADE • DEVELOPMENT OF A NAVY/IMPERIALISTIC

  12. NORTHERN AFRICA’SGEOGRAPHY • SAHARA DESERT AND DESERTIFICATION • DISTINCT CULTURE FROM SUB-SAHARAN CULTURE • DIFFICULTY WITH • TRADE, COMMUNICATION & TRAVEL

  13. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA’SGEOGRAPHY • ABUNDANCE OF MINERALS AND RESOURCES • EUROPEAN INTEREST THROUGH IMPERIALISM • DIVERSE GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

  14. REGULAR/SMOOTHCOASTLINES • NO NATURAL BAYS AND HARBORS • LITTLE TRADE • AFRICA

  15. LATIN AMERICA’SGEOGRAPHY • DIVERSE GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES • DIVERSE CULTURES-DIFFICULT TO UNIFY AS ONE NATION • DIFFICULTY IN TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION

  16. MONSOONS • INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA • SEASONAL WINDS THAT BRING MUCH NEEDED RAIN OR DRY AIR • COULD BE DEVASTATING (IE- IN BANGLADESH)

  17. INDIA’S GEOGRAPHY • HIMALAYAS/HINDU KUSH - ISOLATION FOR MOST OF ITS HISTORY\ • MONSOONS • ABUNDANCE OF MINERALS AND NATURAL RESOURCES

  18. STRAITS • STRATEGIC LOCATIONS FOR TRADE • BOSPOROUS,DARDANELLES,MALACCA, HORMUZ & MAGELLAN • CONSTANTINOPLE

  19. MIDDLE EAST GEOGRAPHY • ARID/SCARCITY OF WATER • CULTURAL CROSSROADS • ABUNDANCE OF OIL/OIL AS A WEAPON/O.P.E.C.

  20. DESERTS • LIMIT COMMUNICATION • LIMIT TRAVEL AND TRADE • ACT AS BARRIERS

  21. RIVERS • IMPROVE COMMUNICATION • IMPROVE TRAVEL AND TRADE • BRING UNITY

  22. RUSSIA’S GEOGRAPHY • HISTORICALLY • DRIVEN BY ITS NEED FOR ACCESS TO WARM WATER PORTS - PETER THE GREAT • NORTHERN EUROPEAN PLAIN WAS A FREQUENT INVASION ROUTE BY ENEMIES • RUSSIAN WINTER:WEDES, FRENCH AND GERMANS DEFEATED

  23. ISLAM • THE KORAN/QURAN • THE KORAN/QURAN ISLAM • MONOTHEISTIC/MOHAM MED AND ALLAH

  24. JUDAISM • MONOTHEISTIC • THE TORAH/THE TALMUD • THE COVENANT –THE PROMISED LAND - ISRAEL

  25. CONFUCIANISM • SEEKS SOCIAL ORDER HARMONY & STABILITY • THE FIVE RELATIONSHIPS/IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY AND ETHICS • ANALECTS

  26. HINDUISM • THE CASTE SYSTEM/RIGID CLASS SYSTEM • REINCARNATION/ DHARMA AND KARMA/MOKSHA • AHIMSA

  27. BUDDHISM • SIDDHARTA GUATEMA • REINCARNATION/NIRVANA • 4 NOBLE TRUTHS AND EIGHTFOLD PATH

  28. CHRISTIANITY • MONOTHEISTIC • ROOTS IN JUDAISM • JESUS CHRIST/SAVIOR

  29. SHINTOISM • SPIRITS IN NATURE • PRACTICED IN JAPAN • A FORM OF ANIMISM

  30. ANIMISM • PRACTICED IN AFRICA • SIMILAR TO SHINTOISM/SPIRITS IN NATURE • TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETIES

  31. CULTURAL DIFFUSION • EXCHANGE OF IDEAS BETWEEN DIFFERENT CULTURES • BUDDHISM SPREADING FROM INDIA INTO CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA • SILK ROAD

  32. INTERDEPENDENCE • GROWING TRADE AND DEPENDENCE AMONG NATIONS • ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS • OIL AND O.P.E.C. NATIONS

  33. ANCIENT ATHENS • BIRTHPLACE OF DEMOCRACY • QUESTIONING SPIRIT AND CURIOSITY • PERICLES AND THE GOLDEN AGE OF ATHENS

  34. ANCIENT SPARTA • EARLY FORM OF A TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENT • MILITARISTIC SPIRIT • LITTLE CULTURE

  35. REPUBLIC ROME • ELECTED LEADERS • 12 TABLES OF LAW • GODDESS OF JUSTICE

  36. IMPERIAL ROME(27AD-476 AD) • CENTALIZED GOVERNMENT • COLLAPSED IN 476 AD – LED TO CHAOS AND DISORDER IN EUROPE • COLLAPSE LED TO RISE OF FEUDALISM

  37. BYZANTINE EMPIRE(300 AD –1453 AD) • JUSTINIAN’S CODE/PRESERVATION OF GREEK AND ROMAN THOUGHT • CAPITAL CITY (CONSTANTINOPLE): IMPORTANT TRADING CENTER • EASTERN ORTHODOX RELIGION AND CULTURAL DIFFUSION WITH RUSSIA

  38. CONSTANTIONOPLE • TRADING CENTER BETWEEN EUROPE AND ASIA

  39. JUSTINIAN CODE • ROMAN LAW

  40. SPREAD OF ISLAM • NORTHERN AFRICA • MOHAMMED & THE JIHAD

  41. THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM(800-1200 AD) • ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND MATH • CALLIGRAPHY • HOUSE OF WISDOM

  42. MEDIEVAL EUROPE (500 AD-1300’S AD) • FEUDALISM/ DECENTRALISED POLITICAL SYSTEM • POWERFUL CATHOLIC CHURCH/MAIN GOAL- SALVATION (THE HEREAFTER) • GOTHIC CATHEDERALS-TALL SPIRES/STAINED GLASS WINDOWS

  43. FEUDALISM • RIGID SOCIAL CLASS SYSTEM • NEED FOR STABILITY SECURITY AND ORDER • SIMILAR TO JAPANESE FEUDALISM

  44. CODE OF CHIVALRY • STRESSED HONOR AND LOYALTY • SIMILAR TO THE CODE OF BUSHIDO • CODE FOLLOWED BY MEDIEVAL KNIGHTS

  45. THE CRUSADES(1095-1300’S) • POSITIVE RESULT OR EFFECT- INCREASED TRADE BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE • ORIGINAL PURPOSE- RECLAIM THE HOLY LAND (JERUSALEM) • NEGATIVE EFFECT- LASTING HATRED BETWEEN CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS

  46. JAPANESE FEUDALISM • CODE OF BUSHIDO • RIGID SOCIAL CLASS SYSTEM

  47. TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE • ISOLATION

  48. THE CENTRAL ASIAN STEPPE • ENVIRONMENT OF THE MONGOLS • SEMI-ARID AND GRASS LAND • NOMADIC PEOPLE UNITL GENGHIS KHAN

  49. THE MONGOL EMPIRE(1200’S-1400’S) • SPREAD FROM ASIA TO EASTERN EUROPE • TRIBUTES AND TAXES GIVEN TO THE KHANS • ISOLATED RUSSIA FOR SEVERAL CENTURIES

  50. AXUM AND KUSH • EARLY AFRICAN TRADING CIVILIZATIONS • EASTERN AFRICA • CULTURAL DIFFUSION-CHRISTIANITY

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