Environment & Renewable Hydrogen Energy

1. Environment & Renewable Hydrogen Energy

2. Energy Need • Environmentally sustainable energy to the world’s population presents a major challenge for the first half of this century. • Global population is predicted to increase by a factor of 36% to 8.9 billion people by 2050, and global primary energy consumption is projected to increase by 77% to 837 quads during the same time period.

3. Supply/Demand Balance: Supply Demand

4. World oil demand Source: World energy Outlook 2002.

5. Top World Oil Consumers (US has only 5% of world’s population) (million barrels per day)

6. World Oil Reserves by Country(Total = 1.1 Trillion Barrels) Source: DOE/EIA, International Energy Outlook 2006

7. Hydrogen ENERGY!

8. What is Hydrogen? • Hydrogen is the simplest element with only one proton and one electron. • Stars are made primarily of hydrogen. • Our sun’s energy comes from hydrogen mixing with helium to create radiant light. This radiant energy sustains life on earth. • Hydrogen as a gas (two hydrogen atoms form one H2 hydrogen molecule) doesn’t occur naturally on earth. It is always contained in other elements. • Hydrogen gas has the highest energy content of any fuel by weight, but it is also the lightest gas at normal temperature and pressure, meaning that when comparing energy content by volume, it ranks last.

9. What is Hydrogen? Hydrogen is found everywhere.It is found in things like water, oil, crops, or landfill gas. That means that hydrogen energy can be made from all these things as well.

10. Water = H2O Two Hydrogen Atoms One Oxygen Atom Electrolysis: The process of using an electrical current to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.

11. CO2 EMISSIONS - 1990-2030 Source: World energy Outlook 2004.

12. Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy

13. Energy Resources Hydrogen Energy of Future

14. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION World wide production • From Natural gas (mostly steam reforming) - 48% • Oil (mostly consumed in refineries) – 30% • Coal – 18% • Electrolysis –4% Nearly all H2 production is based on fossil fuels at present.

15. Current hydrogen production 48% natural gas 30% oil 18% coal 4% electrolysis Global Production 50 million tonnes / yr Growing 10% / yr US Production 11 million tonnes / yr Current Hydrogen Production

16. India’s Position in Technology • Commercial solar cell efficiency • Global : 14-16 % • India : 13-15% • Commercial wind turbine size (maximum) • Global : 5 MW • India : 1.65 MW • High pressure bagasse cogeneration technology • Global : upto 105 bar • India : upto 105 bar

17. A global presence • Renewables & Hydrogen: • 1,400 employees • 75 Countries • Shell new energy portfolio also includes Biofuels Wind Parks Solar Manufacturing Solar Marketing Hydrogen lighthouse projects

18. Renewable hydrogen production routes* Electrolysis - electricity from wind, wave, tidal, hydro, solar pv H2 + O2 Photolysis H2 + O2 Biophotolysis - (algae) water H2 + O2 syngas  H2 Pyrolysis/gasification - biomass (woody) H2 + CO2 (neutral) Photo-fermentation - biomass (wet) H2 + CO2 (neutral) Dark fermentation - biomass (wet) *not considering H2 from nuclear or from fossil fuel with CO2 sequestration

19. Renewable hydrogen production routes* Electrolysis - electricity from wind, wave, tidal, hydro, solar pv H2 + O2 Photolysis H2 + O2 Biophotolysis - (algae) water H2 + O2 syngas  H2 Pyrolysis/gasification - biomass (woody) H2 + CO2(neutral) Photo-fermentation - biomass (wet) H2 + CO2(neutral) Dark fermentation - biomass (wet) (*not considering nuclear or CO2 sequestration)

20. H2 OPTIONS FOR INDIA • Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuels • Natural Gas • Solar / Wind power for electrolysis • Coal • Bio-mass

21. Transition to a “Hydrogen Economy” in Indian context • Broad-based use of hydrogen as a fuel • – Energy carrier analogous to electricity • – Produced from variety of primary • energy sources • – Can supply all division of the economy: transportation, power, industry, buildings and residential • – Replaces oil and natural gas as the • preferred end-use fuel – Makes renewable and nuclear energy “portable” (e.g. transportation needs) • Advantages: • – Inexhaustible • – Clean • – Universally available to all countries

23. Operating the Hydrogen Economy

24. Hydrogen Market • Ammoniac (NH3) production (~ 50% of worldwide demand) • Oil Industry (~ 45% of worldwide demand) • Semi-conductor production • Glass Industry (Shielding gas) • „Hydrogenation“ of fats and oils • Methanol production • Production of HCL • Plastics Recycling • Rocket fuel • Welding, cutting • New application: • Fuel Cells and H2 internal combustion engines

25. HydrogenProduction Today: Hydrogen as Industrial Gas - from Fossil Feed stocks 99% from fossil feedstocks thereof ~ 70% from natural gas

26. Renewable Hydrogen Production H2 as Energy Storage for Renewable Energy Systems Very high potential - still high electricity acquisition costs (PV) or high distances from “H2 demand centre's” Very high potential – due to a fluctuating availability, combined energy storage & H2 production seems promising Potential has been made available – geographically limited – able to provide base load RENEWABLE ENERGY High potential - in particular the use of biogenous residues seems very promising Technology is not yet commercially available -very high potential - able to provide base load The use of bio feedstocks – in particular bio-residues – offers an economical viable option for renewable H2 production in the short- to mid-term 99% aus fossilen Quellen

27. Electrolysis The electrolysis of water is an electrochemical reaction that requires no moving parts and a direct electric current, making it one of the simplest way to produce hydrogen

28. Biomass to Hydrogen • Biomass has long been considered a leading near term oh renewable hydrogen • The major biomass to hydrogen – three major thermochemical technology routes: Gasification, pyrolysis and high pressure water/ steam treatment.

29. Biomass=Stored Solar Energy Biomass FormationPhotosynthesis Solar Energy Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ð C6H12O6 + 6 O2

30. Biomass Biological Pathways from Biomass to H2 Anaerobic Digestion Fermentation Metabolic Processing CH3CH2OH/CO2 CH4/CO2 Bio-shift Reforming shift Reforming shift Photo- biology Pyrolysis H2/CO2 H2/CO2 H2/CO2 H2/C H2/O2

31. Overview of biological and catalytic processes leading to the formation of hydrogen

32. Worldwide Biomass Potential(IEA Scenario) 2008 Biomass Commercial Biomass Coal 2010 2020 2020 2000 1Mtoe =11.630GWh = 4,1868·104TJ (Mtoe = metric tons equivalent of oil) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL): „…Potential of Biomass: 15% of the world‘s energy by 2050…“ Source: World Energy Outlook, International Energy Agency, 2005

33. Renewable Hydrogen Production Electrolysis Bio mass Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Geothermal

35. Renewable energy for heat and electricity • Passive solar • Active solar • Solar thermal • Solar cells • Hydropower • Wind power • Biomass • Ethanol • Geothermal • Hydrogen http://www.fi.edu/guide/hughes/images/renewable.gif

36. Wind Energy! • INDIA • The total installed capacity of wind power in India has 5347 MW as on 31.03.2006. Among the identified states, Tamil Nadu has the highest wind power installation capacity of 2897.34 MW during the year 2006. • Global Wind energy • Worldwide wind energy boom in 2005: 58.982 MW capacity installed. Wind sector has become globally booming high-tech sector with more than 235.000 employees. Asia shows highest growth rates with India overtaking Denmark

37. Solar energy… • Solar thermal systems • Collect and transform radiant energy from the sun into heat, used directly or converted to electricity. Used in desert areas. • Sunlight collected and focused on solar collectors. High temps produce steam to run turbines for electricity. • These need backup systems or storage, high cost of installation, high land use

38. Hydropower • Works based on water flowing from high to low elevations • Controlled by dams and reservoirs and used to spin turbines & produce electricity • 20% of world’s electricity • Very efficient, low cost electricity • No air pollution or waste disposal • High construction costs • Alters animal habitat • Danger of collapse • Large dams high environmental impact http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/graphics/hymap.st1.color.gif

39. Geothermal…. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/geothermal/geothermal.gif • Low environmental impact; we’re tapping natural heat sources such as volcanic rock, geysers and hot springs. • Energy efficient and cost effective • 1% of world’s electricity •  Cost is high so source must be • concentrated and accessible

40. Uses for Hydrogen Energy NASA uses hydrogen as an energy carrier; it has used hydrogen for years in the space program. Hydrogen fuel cells are very efficient, but expensive to build. Small fuel cells can power electric cars. An engine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost no pollution. It will probably be many years.

41. Hydrogen-Powered Autos http://planetforlife.com/h2/h2vehicle.html

42. Hydrogen-Powered Trucks http://planetforlife.com/h2/h2vehicle.html

43. Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft Hydrogen powered passenger aircraft with cryogenic tanks. Hydrogen fuel requires about 4 times the volume of standard jet fuel (kerosene). http://planetforlife.com/h2/h2vehicle.html http://aix.meng.auth.gr/lhtee/projects/cryoplane/

44. Hydrogen…a fuel of the future? • 2020-2030 • 2H2 + O2→ 2H2O • We’ll need to make the H2 •  high costs right now •  no fuel distribution system in place • No green house gases • Safe, nontoxic, nonpolluting, itself. http://www.bmwworld.com/pics/7er/7350_1024.jpg

45. The Future of Hydrogen Before hydrogen becomes a significant fuel in the U.S. energy picture, many new systems must be built. We will need systems to make hydrogen, store it, and move it. We will need pipelines and economical fuel cells. And consumers will need the technology and the education to use it. The goal of the federal government is for hydrogen to produce10%of our energy by the year 2030. Hydrogen could provide clean, renewable energy for the future.

46. Thank you all for your kind attention