Antarctica

1. The kingdom within the ice! By Kayla Mitchell Antarctica

2. Davis Station owned by Australia. West ice shelf 16370 km2 Rothera Station owned buy the UK. Australia Map Amundsen sea France Southern ocean

3. Antarctic Treaty • The Antarctic Treaty is a form that a whole lot of Countries have signed. It was signed in 1959 and enforced in 1961. The Antarctic Treaty is an agreement between Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, USA, UK, France and Brazilsaying that they will follow the laws and won’t disobey them. There is a protocol that they have to follow. The protocol was adopted in 1991 in response to proposals that the large range of provisions relating to protection of the Antarctic environment should be harmonised in a comprehensive and legally binding form.

4. Douglas Mawson • Sir Douglas Mawson was born on the 5th of May 1882 and he died on 14th of October 1958. Mawson was and still is Australia’s most famous Antarctic explorer. Robert Scott and Roald Amundsen actually invited Mawson on their expedition but Douglas declined the offer he wanted to take his own ship and crew to the Antarctic. • Mawson’s team was selected primarily from Australian and New Zealand Universities. The expedition vessel came from the Newfoundland sealing fleet. The Aurora was built in Dundee.

5. Antarctic explorerRoald Amundsen • Roald Amundsen was born near Oslo, Norway in 1872. He left his mark on the heroic era as one of the most successful polar explorers ever born. His career of adventure began at the age of fifteen, originally studying medicine, but dropping out to go to sea where he soon moved his way up to the rank of mate. His first experience in the Antarctic was with Adrien de Gerlache’s 1899 BELGICA EXPEDITION.Amundsen became the first to travel the Northwest Passage, in his ship Gjoa in 1903-06. After this expedition, plans were assembled to drift across the North Pole in Nansen’s famous FARM, but news arrived of Peary’s successful attainment of the pole witch caused Roald Amundsen to make new plans—covert plans—for an expedition to the Antarctic and the subsequent capture of the South Pole. On December 14,1911, Amundsen and for others stood at the South Pole, a month before Robert Scott.

6. Human impacts • Hunting brought people and made the animal population low. • Sealing: A law came in 1960 that people were not allowed to catch a certain amount of seals then you weren’t allowed to catch seals at all. Seals like the Antarctic Fur seal were on the brink of extinction but then the law was enforced. Australia made a law that nobody in Australia could kill seals. • Whaling: 50%of whales came from Antarctica so they put in a law that they were not allowed to kill whales at all. It will take a very long time for the whale numbers to replenish. • Fishing: Fishing was allowed and still is but now days you can’t take as many numbers as you could back then. Some people leave nets and gear and harm habitats of fish. This man here is a meanie!

7. Visitors and tourists • Visitors go and litter and leave a lot of their positions there. Mountain climbing disturbs habits and chips ice. When we build fires it melts the ice. • Bactria, fungus and lots of other things could kill the wildlife that lives there.

8. Did you know • Penguins are eaten by most of the seal population. • Seals have a thick layer of blubber under their fur which creates the perfect insulation. • A few fresh water lakes have a forest of moss growing more than one meter tall. • Antarctica has both saltwater and fresh water ecosystems on it surface. • Some saltwater lakes on Antarctica never freeze because they are too saline. • Minke whales are the smallest of the ‘baleen whales’. • Orcas have no known predators. • Early maps show many non-existent islands in the south pacific ocean.

9. Hypothermia • Hypothermia is very dangerous because most of the time it leads to death. • There is quite a few stages of hypothermia these are the stages; Mild, Moderate, Severe, Paradoxical undressing and Terminal burrowing. In Paradoxical undressing the person goes completely numb and with out realising it they start to discard pieces of their clothing which make their body temperature drop lower then is normal. In the final stages of hypothermia, the brain stem produces a burrowing-like behaviour. Similar to hibernation behaviour in animals, individuals with severe hypothermia are often found in small, enclosed spaces, such as under the bed or behind wardrobes. Here are some clothes you’ll need to survive!

11. Why the sun rises and sets only once in Antarctica! • I don’t really know why it only rises and sets once a year in Antarctica but I guess it could be because it is so far below the equator.

12. Antarctic Ice mass Graph

13. Future problems in Antarctica • Some future problems in Antarctica could be the ice melting, all because of global warming. Another problem could be when all of the tourists come they leave rubbish and take “souvenirs” when they leave. Other problems could be all of the wildlife dying away because of the disturbances when tourists leave rubbish behind/take things with them. Problems already in Antarctica!

14. The ships can have oil spills which lead to this… The ships also need a lot of oil and then they leave this behind… Ban Tourists in Antarctica! All tourists camp and disturb the ice habitat and this will happen… Tourists leave rubbish which leads to this…

15. Post card from Antarctica! • Hey everyone back home! Did you know that Antarctica is the world’s southernmost continent? That Killer whales are actually really small? The sun rises and sets only once every year? Some of the saltwater lakes and pools here don’t freeze? And that Antarctica is nearly double the size of Australia?!Anyway coming home soon see you then bye!

16. Antarctic bases

18. The EndThankyou Bye Bye! Bye! I’ll miss you! See you soon!