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CO2 Transport Options: Pipeline vs. Shipping

Explore the safe and efficient transportation of CO2 through pipelines and tankers for enhanced oil recovery and CCS projects. Learn about CO2 phase diagrams, pipeline design, safety, cost comparisons, and more.

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CO2 Transport Options: Pipeline vs. Shipping

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  1. Transporting CO2 John Davison IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Workshop on CCS, KEPRI, 19th October 2007

  2. How can CO2 be Transported? Onshore Offshore Pipeline Ship Truck/rail Or any combination

  3. CO2 Phase Diagram Large pipelines Ships

  4. CO2 Compression • Dakota Gasification Plant • CO2 for Weyburn EOR project • MAN Turbo geared centrifugal compressors • Power ~14 MW • Mass Flow: 125 tonnes/hr • Inlet Pressure: 1 bar • Discharge Pressure: 190 bar • 2 units started operation in 2000 • 3rd unit started operation in June 2006

  5. Pipeline Transmission • Pipeline transmission of CO2 is well established • Large pipelines have been used to supply CO2 for EOR since the early 1970s • Most pipelines are in the USA (Texas/New Mexico) • About 4000 km are in use today • Most of the CO2 is from natural sources • Individual pipeline capacities are up to 20 Mt/y

  6. Weyburn Pipeline • Pipeline from USA to Canada • 330 km long • CO2 from coal gasification used for enhanced oil recovery • CO2 contains about 1% H2S and traces of mercaptans • Good for detecting small leaks

  7. CO2 Pipeline Design • Pipeline pressures: 10-20 MPa (existing pipelines) • CO2 is a “dense phase” fluid (about 0.8 t/m3) • No free water to avoid corrosion and hydrate formation • Special steels are not required • Non-condensibles, e.g N2 should not exceed 4mol%

  8. Pipeline Safety • CO2 is not flammable or explosive • CO2 is an asphyxiant and is heavier than air • Leaking CO2 may accumulate in low-lying places • Odourless and colourless, so difficult to detect • The number of incidents per pipeline-km is similar for existing CO2 and natural gas pipelines • No deaths or injuries from CO2 pipeline accidents • Existing pipelines are mostly is sparsely populated regions • Existing pipelines pass through some small built-up areas • Further work is needed to assess potential hazards in some situations, e.g. for offshore EOR

  9. Shipping CO2 by Tanker • CO2 can be transported by ship as a liquid • Typically >0.6 MPa, <-55°C • CO2 tankers are similar to LPG tankers • Ships could be attractive • For long distances • For small, short term projects CO2 tanker LPG tanker Large LPG tanker

  10. CO2 Pipeline Costs Source: IPCC Special Report on CCS

  11. CO2 Transmission Costs Transport of 6Mt/y of CO2 Source: IPCC Special Report on CCS

  12. Summary • CO2 pipelines have operated for many years • Existing pipelines have a good safety record • Further work is needed to assess potential hazards in some circumstances • Ships could be attractive in some cases • Ships for CO2 are similar to LPG tankers

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