Ecology

1. Ecology Population Growth and Decline Carbon Cycle Relationships Food Web

2. A food web is shown. Which of the following organisms compete for the mouse as a food source? A. hawk and snake B. snake and kinglet C. oak tree and pine tree D. pine borer and salamander

3. A food web is shown. Which of the following organisms compete for the mouse as a food source? A. hawk and snake The only 2 connected to the Mouse. Use the picture and Follow the arrows ()

4. An animal population decreases from 800 individuals to 600 individuals. Which of the following could explain this change in population size? A. The population size of the animal’s predator increased. B. The emigration rate of the animals from the population decreased. C. The number of breeding pairs in the animal’s population increased. D. The number of species competing with the animal for food decreased.

5. An animal population decreases from 800 individuals to 600 individuals. Which of the following could explain this change in population size? A. The population size of the animal’s predator increased. (causes decrease) B. The emigration decreased. (causes increase) C. breeding increased. (causes increase) D. competing for food decreased. (causes increase)

6. Part of a marsh food web is shown. Which of the following statements correctly describes organisms in this food web? A. The birds are producers. B. The algae are consumers. C. The worms are carnivores. D. The bacteria are decomposers.

7. Part of a marsh food web is shown. Which of the following statements correctly describes organisms in this food web? D. The bacteria are decomposers. All arrows point to the bacteria eventually. When animals die decomposers (usually bacteria or fungus) break them down.

8. The number of monarch butterflies counted in one location in the western United States dropped from 354,300 to 50,853 over a 10-year period. Which of the following statements best explains the drop in the number of monarch butterflies counted? • The death rate was greater than the birth rate. • The emigration rate was greater than the death rate. • The birth rate was greater than the immigration rate. • The immigration rate was greater than the emigration rate.

9. The number of monarch butterflies counted in one location in the western United States dropped from 354,300 to 50,853 over a 10-year period. Which of the following statements best explains the drop in the number of monarch butterflies counted? • The death rate was greater than the birth rate. More death than birth causes population to decrease.

10. Many lichens are composed of fungi and algae. The fungi get sugars from the algae, and the algae get water, minerals, and proteins from the fungi. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the organisms in the lichens? A. commensalism B. competition C. mutualism D. parasitism

11. Many lichens are composed of fungi and algae. The fungi get sugars from the algae, and the algae get water, minerals, and proteins from the fungi. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the organisms in the lichens? C. mutualism When both organisms get a benefit, it is mutualism

12. Muskrats are omnivores that live in burrows on the pond banks. Which of the following would most likely lead to an increase in the size of the muskrat population over time? A. increased seed production by cattails B. increased outbreaks of disease in muskrats C. increased numbers of predators on muskrats D. increased amounts of competition from pickerel

13. Muskrats are omnivores that live in burrows on the pond banks. Which of the following would most likely lead to an increase in the size of the muskrat population over time? A. increased seed production by cattails (more food is good – population increases) B. increased disease BAD C. increased predators BAD D. increased competition BAD

14. Which of the following organisms is correctly matched to its role in the pond ecosystem? A. soil fungi—decomposer B. zooplankton—producer C. water lily—decomposer D. water snake—primary consumer

15. Which of the following organisms is correctly matched to its role in the pond ecosystem? A. soil fungi—decomposer There is a picture that would help you, but wanted you to try without the picture. Remember Fungus are decomposers

16. A major reservoir for oxygen is the atmosphere. Which of the following processes adds oxygen to the atmosphere? A. cellular respiration B. combustion C. decomposition D. photosynthesis

17. A major reservoir for oxygen is the atmosphere. Which of the following processes adds oxygen to the atmosphere? D. photosynthesis Kind of a review photosynthesis question. Your packet has the carbon cycle, but Oxygen cycles also cycles in a similar way (Respiration and photosynthesis)

18. Which of the following is an example of emigration? A. A small number of hummingbirds leave an island. B. A large number of hummingbirds die in a hurricane. C. A species of hummingbird lays its eggs in the summer months. D. A species of hummingbird adapts to its environment over time.

19. Which of the following is an example of emigration? A. A small number of hummingbirds leave an island. Emigration (Out) is the opposite of immigration (In).

20. Sea otters are small marine mammals that prey on fish, clams, crabs, and sea urchins. Sea otters’ natural predators include bears, sharks, and killer whales, but humans have also threatened sea otter populations. Hunting of sea otters for their fur severely reduced sea otter populations in the 18th and 19th centuries. After laws and programs were put into place to protect sea otters, their populations started increasing. Some sea otter populations in Alaska are now decreasing again. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these decreases? A. greater numbers of killer whales B. larger populations of sea urchins C. less competition from other marine mammals D. limited immigration of sea otters from California

21. Some sea otter populations in Alaska are now decreasing again. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these decreases? A.greater numbers of killer whales (predators BAD) B. larger populations of sea urchins (good – food!!) C. less competition (good – easier life!!) D. Immigration (more coming in – Increase!!)

22. In the 1990s, the harvesting of horseshoe crabs for fishing bait and biomedical use led to a significant decrease in the size of horseshoe crab populations on the Mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. Recovery efforts for the horseshoe crab populations are most challenged by which of the following? A. Horseshoe crabs are most active at night. B. Horseshoe crabs have to shed their exoskeletons as they grow. C. Horseshoe crabs can live on the Atlantic coast from Maine to Mexico. D. Horseshoe crabs take nine to twelve years to reach maturity and reproduce.

23. In the 1990s, the harvesting of horseshoe crabs for fishing bait and biomedical use led to a significant decrease in the size of horseshoe crab populations on the Mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. Recovery efforts for the horseshoe crab populations are most challenged by which of the following? D. Horseshoe crabs take nine to twelve years to reach maturity and reproduce. Slow reproduction means it will take a long time for population to grow.

24. A partial food web is shown. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur if the sparrow population decreases A. The fox population decreases. B. The hawk population increases. C. The grasshopper population competes less with the praying mantis population. D. The hawk population and the fox population prey more heavily on grasshoppers.

25. A partial food web is shown. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur if the sparrow population decreases A. The fox population decreases. Use the picture and arrows to figure this out. Less Sparrows means less food for fox.

26. An endangered species is most vulnerable to extinction when it has which of the following characteristics? A. a high birthrate B. a large variety in its diet C. a small amount of competition D. a small amount of genetic diversity

27. An endangered species is most vulnerable to extinction when it has which of the following characteristics? A. high birthrate (more births = good!) B. large variety in its diet (more food choice=good) C. small amount of competition (less comp.=good) D. small amount of genetic diversity (less variety to choose from) puts them at risk!

28. The amount of water a plant has in its tissues is determined primarily by the balance of which of the following processes? A. runoff and root absorption B. respiration and photosynthesis C. precipitation and photosynthesis D. root absorption and transpiration

29. The amount of water a plant has in its tissues is determined primarily by the balance of which of the following processes? A. runoff and root absorption B. respiration and photosynthesis C. precipitation and photosynthesis D. root absorption and transpiration

30. The pea weevil is a type of insect. The table below shows the average time it takes for pea weevil eggs to hatch at different temperatures. Temperature Average Hatching Time (°C) (days) 11 38 14 20 16 16 18 10 22 10 24 7 25 5 27 5 28 7 Based on the data, which of the following conditions would promote the highest population growth rate in pea weevils? A. cold springs with temperatures from 11°C to 16°C B. moderate summers with temperatures from 25°C to 27°C C. heat waves in which the temperature is sustained well above 28°C D. overnight frosts after which the temperature warms from 0°C to 11°C

31. The pea weevil is a type of insect. The table below shows the average time it takes for pea weevil eggs to hatch at different temperatures. Temperature Average Hatching Time (°C) (days) 11 38 14 20 16 16 18 10 22 10 24 7 25 5 least time for birth!! 27 5 28 7 Based on the data, which of the following conditions would promote the highest population growth rate in pea weevils? B. moderate summers with temperatures from 25°C to 27°C

32. The willow flycatcher is a bird species with a summer range throughout much of the United States. Which of the following would directly decrease the size of a willow flycatcher population in a given year? A. the disappearance of a species that preys on willow flycatchers B. the arrival of migrating willow flycatchers from populations in other areas C. the emigration of male willow flycatchers that did not secure territories D. the hatching of a larger percentage of eggs in the willow flycatcher population

33. The willow flycatcher is a bird species with a summer range throughout much of the United States. Which of the following would directly decrease the size of a willow flycatcher population in a given year? C. the emigration of male willow flycatchers that did not secure territories Emigration means members are leaving.

34. Which of the following energy pyramids shows the correct placement of trophic levels? A. B. C. D.

35. Which of the following energy pyramids shows the correct placement of trophic levels? A. You must have more producers to feed the primary consumers who feed the secondary consumers.

36. The atmosphere contains about 80% nitrogen gas, but nitrogen in this form cannot be used by plants. Which of the following processes converts atmospheric nitrogen to a useful form for plants? A. nitrogen decomposition B. nitrogen fixation C. photosynthesis D. transpiration

37. The atmosphere contains about 80% nitrogen gas, but nitrogen in this form cannot be used by plants. Which of the following processes converts atmospheric nitrogen to a useful form for plants? B. nitrogen fixation Bacteria do this as part of the Nitrogen cycle (Not in your packet)

38. An invasive species of green algae has become established along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Which of the following statements best explains why this species of algae has been so successful in the Mediterranean Sea? A. It is not a good competitor. B. It is not eaten by many animals. C. It reproduces slowly in warm waters. D. It requires more nutrients than most other algae.

39. An invasive species of green algae has become established along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Which of the following statements best explains why this species of algae has been so successful in the Mediterranean Sea? B. It is not eaten by many animals. Only answer that would cause population to grow

40. Which of the following best explains why tropical insects may be at greater risk for extinction from global warming than insects from higher latitudes? A. Many tropical insects lay eggs year-round. B. Tropical insects include more pollinator species. C. Many tropical insects are herbivores rather than carnivores. D. Tropical insects have narrower ranges of tolerance for temperature changes.

41. Which of the following best explains why tropical insects may be at greater risk for extinction from global warming than insects from higher latitudes? D. Tropical insects have narrower ranges of tolerance for temperature changes. Can only survive in their warm environment,

42. The graph shows population growth for paramecia kept under laboratory conditions for 18 days. Which of the following statements explains what is happening in the region of the curve labeled “X”? A. The population’s birthrate is zero. B. The paramecia are in water that is too warm. C. The paramecia have used up their food supply. D. The population’s birthrate equals the death rate.

43. The graph shows population growth for paramecia kept under laboratory conditions for 18 days. Which of the following statements explains what is happening in the region of the curve labeled “X”? D.The population’s birthrate equals the death rate. The line is flat, not growing or dropping

44. Cellular respiration, decomposition, combustion, and photosynthesis are processes that drive which of the following cycles in ecosystems? A. the carbon cycle B. the nitrogen cycle C. the phosphorus cycle D. the water cycle

45. Cellular respiration, decomposition, combustion, and photosynthesis are processes that drive which of the following cycles in ecosystems? A. the carbon cycle These two should stand out for their use of Carbon Dioxide.

46. A partial food web is shown. Which of the following will most likely happen if the frog population decreases? A. Owls will have no source of food. B. The snake population will increase. C. Birds will have less competition for food. D. The grasshopper population will go extinct.

47. A partial food web is shown. Which of the following will most likely happen if the frog population decreases? C. Birds will have less competition for food. • Follow the picture!!!

48. Which of the following most likely results in a decrease in a blackbird population? A. birth B. emigration C. immigration D. mutualism

49. Which of the following most likely results in a decrease in a blackbird population? B. emigration Only one that causes decrease!

50. Which of the following roles do nitrogen-fixing bacteria serve in the nitrogen cycle? C. They convert nitrogen into a form that plants can use. Again not in your packet, but a key part of the Nitrogen cycle.