A family’s story in the Reformation

1. A family’s story in the Reformation

2. The Tudor Family • “Upstart” Rulers from Wales • Henry VII had “taken” the throne by killing Richard III from the rival family – The Yorks. • The War of the Roses • To solidify his rule he married Richard’s niece Elizabeth of York

3. SURPRISE! Henry VII was a good king • Sought prosperity for England. • Fell in love with his wife and had six kids. • Arthur • Henry • Margaret • Mary • Child that died in childbirth with Elizabeth.

4. Henry VIII’s Childhood • Grew up in a loving family – QUITE UNUSUAL! • Second son – his parents planned on him becoming a priest and maybe someday a pope? • But that all changed in 1502!

5. 1502 • Henry’s older brother – Arthur did two things: • Married at 15 • Political marriage to Catherine of Aragon • VERY wealthy girl • VERY connected • An Uncle was pope • Daddy was King of Spain • A nephew eventually became the Holy Roman Emperor • Died

6. What was Henry VII going to do? • Henry now moved to be the heir to the throne. • But what about Catherine?

7. Henry VII’s Solution • Married one son’s widow to his surviving son. • Took until 1509 to maneuver the marriage. • Henry was 17 • Catherine was 22

8. Henry VIII Takes Over • 1509 – his father died. • Henry was king at 18 of a very prosperous country and had one of the richest women as his wife. • Could he be content?

9. Henry VIII • VERY intelligent • Was interested in humanism • Catholic, but realized there were changes needed in Rome. • Sympathetic with Protestants

10. Henry VIII had one BIG problem • No son • There was a belief that a woman could only be queen if her husband was the king. • Henry and Catherine had only one surviving child – Mary. • Six pregnancies.

11. Henry VIII’s Problem • Marriage with Catherine had started off okay. • He trusted her to rule while he was at war. • She never complained at all the affairs he had. • And there were a LOT of them!

12. Henry VIII was in a panic! • No son to follow him? • Would civil war break out like what his parents had lived through? • Failure of the Tudor Family to have only 2 kings? • Angevins – 5 • Plantagenants – 12

13. About 1525, Henry read Machiavelli’s THE PRINCE • What is a king to do if his wife is getting past the age to give him an heir? • She is too “connected” to kill. • He did kind of like her.

14. Advice? • Henry’s longtime advisors and friends said – “Accept God’s will.” • Cardinal Woolsey • Thomas Moore

15. Thomas Cranmer offered another bit of advice: • Turn Protestant and divorce Catherine. • While you are at it, outlaw Catholics and confiscate all the wealth that the churches, monasteries, and convents have in England.

16. The “spark” that started the fire of change in England • Anne Boleyn • The girl who said “no” to being a king’s mistress.

17. Henry VIII • Turned Protestant and divorced Catherine. • It was against the Bible to marry his brother’s widow. • Confiscated all the Church’s wealth in his country. • $$$$ for Henry • Married Anne Boleyn.

18. Henry VIII • Act of Supremacy stated the “only supreme head on earth of the Church of England” is Henry VIII. • Sold confiscated church land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty.

19. Henry VIII • Beheaded, imprisoned, and intimidated many to become Protestant. • Sir Thomas Moore • Beheaded • Archbishop Woolsey • Gave his treasure to Henry. • Was still arrested and died.

20. What about Catherine? • Divorced and under arrest. • Died • His daughter Mary was declared a bastard for siding with her mother and refusing to become Protestant. • She couldn’t be a princess.

21. What about Anne? • Had a daughter – Elizabeth right away. • 2 miscarriages of sons. • The “spitfire” personality her husband had married her for now turned into being a nag and scold.

22. Anne Boleyn • Henry tried to divorce her. • She refused to see her daughter called illegitimate. • Put her on trial for “treason” • Accused her of sleeping with her brother and music master. • Beheaded her.

23. Anne Boleyn • Married and made Queen 1533. • Beheaded May 19, 1536

24. Henry VIII • Married #3 on May 20, 1536. • Jane Seymour • Opposite personality to Anne. • Was Protestant • October 1537 delivered a son. • Died after.

25. The Baby Edward • Sickly child. • Henry began to worry he was being punished for his actions. • Tried to rebuild relationships with Mary and a bit with the little girl Elizabeth.

26. Thomas Cranmer was worried that Mary would convince her father to become Catholic again. • Quickly arranged a fourth marriage. • A Protestant German Princess that came from a family that was known for producing a lot of children. • Anne of Cleves

27. Wife #4: Anne of Cleves • Married January 9, 1540 • Divorced July 9, 1540 • Stayed on in England as a “friend” of King Henry and served as a sort of mother to Mary and Elizabeth.

28. Henry’s Habit: Turning on his friends! • Began to talk about becoming Catholic again and had more Catholic advisors. • Edward – still sickly • Mary – now was favored. • Elizabeth was out of favor. • Protestant raised • Mother had been beheaded

29. Wife #5: Katherine Howard • 29 years younger than Henry. • Barely educated. • Catholic. • Cousin to Anne Boleyn.

30. Katharine Howard • Married 1540 • Accused of adultery • It was true this time. • Beheaded 1542 • Only 19 or 20 years old.

31. Catherine Parr – The LAST wife • Henry was attending mass and favoring Catholics. • Married a Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548. • More companion. • Helped him create a relationship with all his children – but in particular, Elizabeth.

32. Henry knew he left a mess in regards to religion in England • Next king: Edward • Protestant • Sickly • Next in Line: Mary • Catholic • Next in Line: Elizabeth • Protestant

33. King Edward VII • Probably had leukemia. • Never a strong king. • Land continued to become more Protestant. • Stronger penalties for being Catholic. • Died without being married and childless.

34. Mary I • Believed it was her duty to return England to Catholicism. • Outlawed many Protestants. • Many executions • Married her cousin King Philip of Spain and involved England in many Spanish causes that weren’t good for England.

35. Mary I • “Comeuppance” time for Thomas Cranmer. • Mary blamed him for causing her father to leave Catholicism and divorce her mother. • Tortured into saying “Protestants – bad; Catholics – good.” • Changed his mind • Burned at the stake

36. The Feelings of the People • Conflicted between Catholics – where the pope has supremacy and ANGLICANISM – Protestants that believe the king has the right to say what they should believe. • Act of Supremacy stated the “only supreme head on earth of the Church of England” is Henry VIII • Unpopular Spanish wars were draining the people.

37. Mary’s Problem • Mary was dying and childless. • The only other heir was Elizabeth. • Going to Catholic mass but suspected of being a Protestant. • Daughter of the woman that had caused Mary’s father to leave Mary’s mother.

38. Mary • Urged to arrest and execute her sister. • Make her husband or a cousin, Mary Queen of Scots the next ruler. • They were both Catholic.

39. Mary to Elizabeth • Mary died keeping to her father’s wishes. • Elizabeth became Queen. • Ruled England 1558 – 1603 • The Golden Age

40. Elizabethan Compromise in England • Elizabeth was Protestant and thought herself the head of the Anglican Church, and made decisions about what people should believe.

41. Elizabethan Compromise • Catholics – if they were loyal to Elizabeth – were tolerated. • Special taxes. • At times, if a Catholic priest was caught, they would be executed. • Priest Holes in some old houses to hide priests.

42. Queen Elizabeth – A woman ruling in a Machiavellian “Man’s” World • Had to sometimes be more brutal than her opponents if she wanted to stay alive. • Was not above torturing people to get confessions. • Used political assassination? • Beheaded her Catholic cousin, Queen Mary of the Scots • Her navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. • Spain’s strongest force to put Catholicism in place in England.

43. The Golden Age • Elizabeth took a bankrupt country and made it one of the most prosperous and strong countries in the known world before her death. • Peace and Prosperity for many.

44. The Golden Age • Shakespeare flourished. • Exploration of the New World and beyond. • Sir Francis Drake • Sailed around the world and brought wealth to England • Sir Walter Raleigh • Started colonies in the New World • Roanoake Mystery • Virginia named for Elizabeth.

45. The Golden Age’s Price • Elizabeth never married. • To the very end, had to stay tough to prove a woman could rule. • Arguably the best ruler England has had.