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Civil Rights

Civil Rights. Chapter 21. Early Segregation in America. Post Civil War South Segregation Jim Crow Laws Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ‘Separate But Equal’. Segregation Into the 20 th Century. Civil Rights Act of 1875

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Civil Rights

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  1. Civil Rights Chapter 21

  2. Early Segregation in America • Post Civil War South • Segregation • Jim Crow Laws • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • ‘Separate But Equal’

  3. Segregation Into the 20th Century • Civil Rights Act of 1875 • “All Persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations of inns, pubic conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement” • Ruled Unconstitutional By an All-White Supreme Court in 1883 • WWI – Great Migration • Segregation and Prejudice in the North • WWII Changes • New Jobs in America Due to WWII Soldiers Leaving • African Soldiers Fight ‘Equally’ in WWII • Roosevelt Prohibits Racial Discrimination by Federal Agencies and Companies Engaged in War Effort

  4. The NAACP Works for Change • The NAACP Looked to Challenge Segregation in American Society • Focused on Inequality in School Systems • Morgan v. Virginia (1946) • Supreme Court rules laws mandating segregated seating on interstate busses unconstitutional • Sweatt v. Painter (1950) • State Law Schools Must Admit Black Applicants, Even if Separate Black Schools Still Exist • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) • Segregation in Public Schools is Unconstitutional. Thurgood Marshall An early activist for the NAACP and eventually a Supreme Court Member

  5. The Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks – Sparks Issue of Segregation of Busses in Montgomery, Al • Montgomery Improvement Association Develops • Leader: Martin Luther King Jr. • Complete Bus Boycott in Montgomery for 381 Days • Bus Segregation is Outlawed in 1956 Rosa Parks: Member of the NAACP Who ‘Sparked’ the Montgomery Boycott on Dec. 1, 1955

  6. Response and Opposition to Change • States/Areas Reacted Differently to Brown Decision • Little Rock School District • ‘Little Rock Nine’ • Governor Orval Faubus is a Segregationist • School is Eventually Shut Down • Civil Rights Act of 1957 • Increased Power For Attorney General on School Desegregation • Federal Government Increased Power in Terms of Voting Rights

  7. The ‘Little Rock Nine’

  8. Martin Luther King‘Planting the Seed of Change’ • Advocated Means of Change Using Soul Force • Nonviolent • Civil Disobedience • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • “To carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second – class citizenship” • Looking for ‘grassroots’ Support

  9. Other Means of Change • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Students (start @ Shaw U.) Begin to Organize to ‘Speed – Up’ Change From the Brown Decision • CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) • Sit – Ins • Eventually Used by These Organizations to Advocate Change Ella Baker: First Director of the SCLC

  10. The Triumphs of a Crusade A photo of a bus from the ‘Freedom Riders’ who tested the banning of segregation on busses on interstate commerce in 1961.

  11. The Freedom Riders • Combined Action of SNCC and CORE to Test and Force the Federal Government to Enforce the Desegregation of the Busses in America • Planned Route: Washington D.C. – New Orleans • Attacks on the Freedom Riders • Rock Hill, South Carolina • Birmingham, Alabama • Anniston, Alabama • Purpose of the Riders • Media Coverage Around the Country • End Result = President Sent the Federal Marshals to Protect the Riders and the Interstate Commerce Commission Banned all Segregation in any Interstate Travel Facilities

  12. Integrating ‘Ole Miss’ • Meredith Was Denied Admission to U. of Miss. By Governor Ross Barnett • Federal Government (Kennedy) Escorted Him w/ Federal Marshals to Registrars Office • Riots Ensued on Campus • 2 Deaths • Marshals Escorted to Class for Months WWII Veteran James Meredith Who Attempted to Enter the University of Mississippi in 1962

  13. The March on Washington • President Kennedy Sent Congress the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 • African Civil Rights Leaders Believed a Massive National Protest Could ‘Push’ the Senate to Pass the Bill • Kennedy Endorsed But Was Leary About the March • Possible Backlash From Whites • 250,000 People Participated in the March • Martin Luther King’s ‘I have a Dream’ Speech Bayard Rustin (top) and A. Philip Randolph (bottom) (SCLC) promoted a massive march on Washington D.C.

  14. The March Those (approximately 250,000) participating in the Washington March with the Washington Monument in the background.

  15. Reactions to the Washington March • Violence and Murders • Four Girls in Birmingham, AL Killed • John F. Kennedy Assassinated • New President: Lyndon B. Johnson  Vowed to Carry on Kennedy’s Work • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Prohibited Discrimination Because of Race, Religion, National Origin, or Gender.

  16. Freedom Summer • Freedom Summer • CORE and SNCC Project to Secure Voting Rights For African Americans • Who: • Civil Rights Groups & College Students  Nonviolence • Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) • Formed to Gain a Seat in Mississippi’s All White Democratic Party • Results: Johnson Feared a Loss of Votes in Mississippi • Result: Compromise – 2 of 68 Seats Given to MFDP • Supporters Felt Betrayed Fannie Lou Hamer Voice of the MFDP at the 1964 Democratic National Convention

  17. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 • The Selma Campaign • SCLC March in March, 1965 Over Murder of Demonstrator in Voting Rights Campaign • TV Aired Blacks Being Beaten by Police Officials • Voting Rights Act Passed • Violence Convinced President Johnson to Pass the Act • The Act Stated: • Eliminated Literacy Tests for Voting Rights • Federal Examiners Could Enroll Votes Denied Suffrage by Local Officials • National Results: Tripled Percentage of Registered Voters in the South

  18. Segregation in America • De Facto Segregation • Segregation by practice and custom • Prevalent in the North during WWII era • ‘White Flight’ • Results: Housing / School Problems • More Difficult to battle • De Jure Segregation • Segregation by law • Easier to battle  Legislation

  19. New Leaders in the Civil Rights Era • Nation of Islam • Elijah Muhammad • Malcolm X • African Separation from Society • Armed Self – Defense • Response to riots and other violence toward Africans • New Strategy • After trip to Mecca • ‘Ballots or Bullets’ • Shot Feb. 21, 1965

  20. Black Power & the Black Panthers • Black Power • Stokely Carmichael • Led march started by James Meredith (Tennessee to Jackson) • SNCC & CORE becoming militant • ‘We Shall Overrun’ • Black Power  ‘Call for black people to begin to define their own goals and lead their own organizations’ • Black Panthers • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale • Founded to fight police brutality in the ghetto in Oakland • Black leather jackets, berets, sunglasses • Established daycares, breakfast programs, medical clinics in the ghettos

  21. A Turning Point in the Movement • Martin Luther King • Rejected Black Power movement & other violent means • Planned Poor People’s March on Washington in 1968 • Assassinated by James Earl Ray – April 4, 1968 • Result  Urban rioting across America • Worst in Chicago, Baltimore, Kansas City

  22. Results of the Civil Rights Movement • Kerner Commission • Studied causes of urban violence  Racism • Called for action to end de facto segregation to wipe out ghetto environment in cities • Ignored by Lyndon Johnson • The Gains of the Movement • Civil Rights Act of 1968 • Ended discrimination in housing • Pride in African racial identity • Political Gains • Affirmative Action • To equalize job and school opportunities for African Americans

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