Auxiliary Verbs and Movement Phenomena

1. Auxiliary Verbs andMovement Phenomena Allen’s Chapter 5 J&M’s Chapter 11

2. Auxiliary and Modal Verbs • I can see the house. • I will have seen the house. • I was watching the movie. • I should have been watching the movie. • I am not going. • He could not have seen the car. • I did eat my carrots. • Did you see the car?

3. Auxiliary Verbs VP  (AUX COMPFORM ?s) (VP VFORM ?s)

4. Auxiliary Verbs (Sequence Constraints) VP  (AUX COMPFORM ?s) (VP VFORM ?s) Modal + have + be (Progressive) + be (Passive) They might have been being played as they left. * He has might see the movie already I regret having been chosen to go * I must be having been singing

5. Passive Sentences VP  AUX [be] VP [ing, +main] VP  AUX [be] VP [ing, +pass] VP [+pass]  AUX [be] VP [pastprt, +main]

6. Lexicon Samples

7. Passive Sentences I will hide my hat in the drawer My hat will be hidden in the drawer I hid my hat in the drawer My hat was hidden in the drawer I was hiding my hat in the drawer My hat was being hidden in the drawer

8. Passive sentences • VP constituents in passive sentences have a missing NP • Need a Head binary feature “passgap” VP [-passgap]  V [_np] NP VP [+passgap]  V [_np]

9. Passive Sentences

10. Rule 1 & 2 & ((7 & 9) or (5 & 8))

11. Movement phenomena • Local (bounded) movement Subject-aux inversion Jack is giving Sue a book Is Jack giving Sue a book? He will run in the marathon next year Will he run in the marathon next year? John went to the store Did John go to the store? Henry goes to school everyday Does Henry go to school everyday?

12. Movement Phenomena • Unbounded movement wh-questions The fat man will angrily put the book in the corner Which man will angrily put the book in the corner Who will angrily put the book in the corner How will the fat man put the book in the corner In what way will the fat man put the book in the … What will the fat man put angrily in the corner Where will the fat man angrily put the book What will the fat man angrily put the book in

13. Similar to yes/no questions I found a book case Did I find a book case? What did I find? • So we can use part of the grammar for Yes/no questions • But there is a missing constituent What will the fat man angrily put in the corner * I angrily put in the corner

14. Holes and Fillers • There is a Hole somewhere in a constituent • The moved part is a Filler for that hole What will the fat man angrily put in the corner • Is parsed as if it were: … angrily put what in the corner What did you put in the cupboard? * What did you put the bottle in the cupboard

15. Transformational Grammars

16. Filling gaps • Slash categories: are complex non terminals of form X/Y : a constituent of type X with a sub constituent Y missing S/NP S constituent with the GAP feature NP

17. Questions in CFGs S[+inv]  (AUX AGR ?a SUBCAT ?v) (NP AGR ?a) (VP VFORM ?v) (NP GAP (CAT NP AGR ?a) AGR ?a)   • Inserting GAP Features automatically • Lexical Head VP  V [_np_vp:inf] NP VP (VP GAP ?g)  V [_np_vp:inf] (NP GAP ?g) (VP GAP -) (VP GAP ?g)  V [_np_vp:inf] (NP GAP -) (VP GAP ?g) • Non Lexical Head (S GAP ?g)  (NP GAP -) (VP GAP ?g)

18. Adding Gap features to a grammar

19. Wh-words in Lexicon

20. Wh – words Grammar rules

21. Ws-questions grammar rules

22. Ws-questions grammar rules (expanded)

23. Box 5.3 Movement Constraints(Island Constraints) • The A over A constraint * Whatbook did you meet the author of __? • Complex-NP constraint * To whom did the man who gave the book __ laugh? • Sentential subject Constraint For me to learn these constraints is impossible. * What is for me to learn __ impossible? • Wh-Island Constraint Did they wonder whether I took the book? * What did they wonder whether I took __? • Coordinate Structure Constraint Did you see John and Sam? * Who did you see and __?

24. Parsing with Gaps (NP GAP (CAT NP AGR ?a) AGR ?a)   (VP GAP (NP AGR 3s))  V [_np_pp:loc]  (NP GAP (NP AGR 3s) PP [LOC] (NP AGR 3s EMPTY +) (VP GAP (NP AGR 3s))  V [_np_pp:loc] (NP GAP (NP AGR 3s)  PP [LOC]

25. Adding Empty constituents

26. 1 Which 2 dogs 3 did 4 he 5 see 6

27. 1 Which 2 dogs 3 did 4 he 5see 6

28. Relative clauses CNP  CNP REL REL  (NP WH R AGR ?a) (S[-inv, fin] GAP (NP AGR ?a))) REL  (PP WH R PFORM ?p) ( S[-inv, fin] GAP (PP PFORM ?p))) The man who we saw at the store. The exam in which you found the error The man whose book you stole

29. Relative clauses (Cont.) The man who read the paper (who is the subject) So Need the following rule REL  NP [R] VP [fin] The man that we saw at the party The man that read the paper “That” need to be regarded as a relative pronoun with WH = R

30. Relative clauses (Cont.) Relative clauses that do not start with an appropriate wh-phrase: • The Paper John read • The damage caused by the storm • The issue creating the argument 2 and 3 are called Reduced Relative clauses REL  (S[fin] GAP (NP AGR ?a))) REL  ( VP VFORM {ing, pastprt})

31. Relative clauses (Cont.) Can we have Relative clauses within wh_questions? Which dog1 did the man [who2 we saw __2 holding the bone] feed __1 ? CNP  CNP REL (CNP GAP ?g)  (CNP GAP ?g) (REL GAP -) *Which dog1 did the man [who2 we saw __2 petting __1] laughed?

32. Hold Mechanism in ATNs • A Hold List holds constituents that are to be moved • There can be more than just one constituent on the hold list at a single time • Constituents are added to the hold list by the Hold action • Ex., Hold SUBJ puts the constituent in the SUBJ register on the hold list • Pop arc of a network with a non empty hold list cannot be taken unless constituents on the list are used to fill the Gaps • A VIR arc with a constituent name as its argument, can be followed only if the constituent category exists on the hold list (if followed the constituent is removed from the list)

33. Hold Mechanism in ATNs

34. Hold Mechanism (Cont.)

35. 1 The 2 man 3 who 4 we 5 saw 6 cried 7

36. 1 The 2 man 3 who 4 we 5 saw 6 cried 7

37. 1 The 2 man 3 who 4 we 5 saw 6 cried 7

38. Hold Mechanism (Cont.) * Who did the man see the boy * The man who the boy cried ate the pie Who is put on the hold list but is not used by any VIR arc

39. CFGs vesus ATNs Criteria: • Coverage • Selectivity • Conciseness *Who did the man [who saw] hit the boy? Using HIDE to hide the hold list temporarily, and UNHIDE actions

40. Human preference in Parsing Allen’s Chapter 6

41. Human preference in Parsing • Parsing techniques seen so far have depended on a Search • But human seem to parse more deterministically • However, they may fall in a garden-path: The raft floated down the river sank

42. Human preference in Parsing • Some of principles that appears to be used by people to choose the correct interpretation are: • Minimal Attachment • Right Association • Lexical Preferences

43. Minimal Attachment

44. Minimal Attachment • The M.A. Principle may cause misparsing • We painted all the walls with cracks PP tends to attach to VP rather to NP • The horse [that was] raced past the barn fell The reduced relative clause introduce more nodes, so “raced” is taken as the main verb, but it is rejected when “fell” is seen

45. Right Association (or Late Closure) • George said that Henry left in his car • George said that Henry left in his car • I thought it would rain yesterday • I thought it wouldrain yesterday

46. Right Association (or Late Closure)

47. Lexical Preference • M.A. and R.A. principle may have conflict The man keep the dog in the house R.A. Suggests The man keep the dog in the house M.A. Suggests The man keep the dog in the house Should M.A. be given more priority?

48. Lexical Preference • I wanted the dog in the house I wanted the dog in the house • I kept the dog in the house I kept the dogin the house • I put the dog in the house So L.P. overrides both M.A. and R.A.