Objective: SWBAT explain how crime scene evidence is processed to obtain DNA.

1. Do Now: • So far we have completed two DNA extraction (banana and human). We used spoons, cups and toothpicks in both labs. List 3 more materials that we used in BOTH labs. • Using your DNA molecule that we build, label two nucleotides, 4 nitrogen bases and the backbone of DNA. • Name the two functions of DNA. Objective: SWBAT explain how crime scene evidence is processed to obtain DNA.

2. Lab Why did we use soap? Why did we use salt? Why did we stir for ten minutes? Why did we use alcohol? Weak bond DNA does not dissolve alcohol pulls the DNA out and separates it

3. Materials • Soap- breaks down the membranes to expose DNA • Salt – breakdown proteins to release DNA To clump DNA together • Stir- break down both membranes, breakdown proteins, to make DNA salty • Alcohol- separates and clumps DNA

4. Now that you've successfully extracted DNA from one source, you're ready to experiment further. Try these ideas or some of your own:Experiment with other DNA sources. Which source gives you the most DNA? Experiment with different soaps and detergents. Do powdered soaps work as well as liquid detergents? How about shampoo or body scrub? Experiment with leaving out or changing steps. We've told you that you need each step, but is this true? Find out for yourself. Try leaving out a step or changing how much of each ingredient you use. Which organisms produce the most DNA? Try extracting DNA from other things that you think might have DNA.

5. Why do scientist use these materials to extract DNA? • Variable Fruit Vegetable Liquid soap  powdered soap, shampoo Salt  Vinegar

8. Where can DNA evidence be found? BS Burst • Blood • Semen • Bone • Urine • Saliva • Tooth

9. Collected with? Gloves Tweezers Swab Blood BloodBlood Semen SemenSemen Bone Bone Urine UrineUrine Root of Hair Root of Hair Saliva Tooth Tooth

10. Let dry and collect in paper bag How do you let it dry? Why collect it in paper bag and not plastic? ~Moisture

11. Every living thing has DNA. That means that you have something in common with a zebra, a tree, a mushroom and a beetle!!!!

13. DIRECTIONS:1) Color the individual structures on the worksheet as follows:adenine = red thymine = greenguanine = blue cytosine = yellowphosphate = brown deoxyribose = purple2) Cut out each structure.3) Using the small symbols (squares, circles and stars) on the structures as guides, line up the bases, phosphates and sugars.4) Glue or tape the appropriate pairs together to form nucleotides.

14. Exit Ticket • The bond that holds the nitrogen bases together is called • Nitrogen bond • Hydrogen bond • Sugar bond • Toothpick bond • Where is DNA found on a crime scene? • How is DNA collected from a scene?

15. DNA is like a fingerprint because everyone’s is a little different! You can tell people apart by their fingerprints……… and their DNA!

16. Why does variations in nitrogen base sequences aids in the distinctiveness of an individual?

17. How does the nitrogen base structure provide an identifying characteristic to DNA? The sequencing (order) of the bases provides a code (instructions) to make a certain proteins. For example:

19. Lab Why did we use soap? Why did we use salt? Why did we stir for ten minutes? Why did we use alcohol? DNA does not dissolve alcohol pulls the DNA out and separates its

20. Post Lab Questions(to be written in your books) DNA stands for _________________. The DNA is found on the ______ which is found in the nucleus of cells. The backbone of DNA is made up of alternating _______ and _______ groups. The ____ on my model represents the backbone of DNA. The 4 nitrogen bases are ______, ________, __________, and ______. The _______ on my model represents the nitrogen bases. Adenine always pairs with _______. ________ always pairs with _________. The nitrogen bases are held together by a weak _____ bond. The three molecules that make up a nucleotide are _______, ________, and ________.

21. Exit ticket • Name the four bases that pair together DNA? • The backbone of DNA is made up of what two molecules? • What are the two functions of DNA?

22. DNA Molecule Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication.

23. DNA Molecule The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues. Genomic DNA is located in the cell nucleus of eukaryotes, as well as small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.

24. DNA Molecule The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism.

25. Soooo…. How do we tell people apart just by their DNA anyways???

26. We are ALL a little bit different! Along with the meaningful DNA that encodes for physical traits, we have a lot of "junk DNA." Strings of repeating patterns and filler material.  STR stands for short terminal repeating sections, and this area of DNA represents a pattern, 2 to 7 letters long that repeats itself many times.  How many times varies between people.  This process is called genetic fingerprinting, or more accurately, DNA profiling.

27. Our DNA has different sizes of pieces so it makes a different pattern when it’s all cut up. Suspect #1 DNA sample Suspect #2 DNA sample In DNA profiling, the lengths of variable sections of repetitive DNA, such as short tandem repeats, are compared between people. This method is usually an extremely reliable technique for identifying a criminal

28. Suspect #2 Suspect #1 Genetic fingerprinting is used in forensic science, to match suspects to samples of blood, hair, saliva or semen. This is what it really looks like!!!

29. Can you guess which one is Sara and which one is Miss Ellis? Suspect #1 Suspect #2 ? Which suspects DNA sample is the red box around?

30. Now let’s solve a mystery using DNA clues! (Just like they do on CSI!!!)

31. THE CASE OF THE VEGGIE STEALING BANDIT Miss Maize was returning from a shopping trip to the market, arms filled with groceries when a young man stopped her to ask for directions. She put down her groceries and was helping the man when another person snatched her bags from right beside her. She didn’t see the person’s face but managed to grab hold of his arm for a second and scratched his skin.

32. The Victim • Full name: Miss Mary Matilda Maize • Age: 26 years old • Profession: Professional Sky Diver who knows that the best way to stay fit is to eat lot of vegetables.

33. Suspect # 1 Name: Tony Tuber Suspected because: Tony was caught at the local Safeway last year trying to sneak turnips out in his t-shirt.

34. Suspect # 2 Name: Randy Raddichio Suspected because: A witness saw Randy chowing down on some radishes just moments after the veggie snatching.

35. Suspect # 3 Name: Fanny Fennel Suspected because: Fanny is also a skydiver and the long time enemy of Miss Maize. She would like nothing more than for Miss Maize to not eat her vegetables and not be able to compete as well in the big competition next week.

36. Now solve the mystery! • At each station there will be a question. If you answer the question correctly you will get a DNA clue. • At the end, look at the clues and figure out who stole Miss Maize’s vegetables!

37. Activities • Presentation about DNA (Time: 15 minutes) • Extracting DNA from an onion (Time: 15-20 minutes) • May be done as an experiment in front of the class rather than as an activity for everyone to participate in (as you need a blender, use of a knife, etc) • Making a DNA molecule with candy (Time: 15-20 minutes) • DNA molecule can be made with licorice as the backbone and mini marshmallows of different colours as the bases • Can the kids have food in class? (Any allergies?) • Playing a “CSI-style” mystery game (Time: 20-25 minutes) • The class will be broken up into groups of 2-4 children. • I will present the case, with suspects and the victim of the crime (I won’t choose a violent crime, something like a purse snatching!) • There will be different stations where groups can get clues if they answer questions right about DNA.