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An Introduction To Ecology

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of ecology, focusing on the interactions between organisms and their environment. It divides the components into abiotic factors, such as temperature and sunlight, and biotic factors, which include living organisms. Key definitions include population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere, alongside how environmental factors like temperature and water shape distribution and types of ecosystems, including aquatic and terrestrial biomes. This foundational knowledge is crucial for understanding complex ecological relationships.

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An Introduction To Ecology

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  1. An Introduction To Ecology Chapter 50

  2. Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and environment. • Consists of abiotic (nonliving; i.e. temperature, light, etc) and biotic (living) factors.

  3. http://www.apsnet.org/education/illustratedglossary/PhotosE-H/forestdecline.htmhttp://www.apsnet.org/education/illustratedglossary/PhotosE-H/forestdecline.htm

  4. Population – group of individuals of same species living in an area. • Community – all organisms of all species that live in an area. • Ecosystem – above plus abiotic factors. • Biosphere – sum of all ecosystems.

  5. http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/img/biosphere.gifhttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/img/biosphere.gif

  6. Distribution affected by temperature, water, sunlight, wind, and rocks and soil. • Type of each will determine what can live there.

  7. http://www.your-healthy-gardens.com/images/SoilTypes1.jpg

  8. Temperature and water are biggest factors. • Biomes – major types of ecosystems. • Determined by proximity to equator, closeness to ocean, mountains, etc.

  9. http://z.about.com/d/geography/1/0/V/A/equator.jpg

  10. Aquatic biomes • 2 types – marine and freshwater. • Stratified vertically – photic zone (light) and aphotic zone (little light). • Bottom of aquatic is benthos – food is detritus that falls from above.

  11. http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect17lakeutrophic.jpghttp://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect17lakeutrophic.jpg

  12. Freshwater – close to shore – littoral zone. • Open water – limnetic zone. • ALakes classified by nutrients – 1eutrophic – shallow and nutrient-rich; 2oligotrophic – deeper and nutrient-poor.

  13. Oligotrophic lake http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/50-19b-Eutrophic.jpg

  14. Eutrophic lake http://www.spatial.maine.edu/~snoox/images/eutrophic_lake.jpg

  15. * • BWetlands – area covered with water; supports plants. • CEstuaries – area where freshwater meets ocean. • Intertidal zone – land meets water. • DCoral reefs – dominated by coral.

  16. Wetlands http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/assets/images/Wetlands.jpg

  17. Estuary http://www.cop.noaa.gov/images/estuaries.jpg

  18. Coral Reef http://212.84.179.117/i/Coral%20Reef.jpg

  19. EOceanic pelagic biome – away from shore. • Abyssal zone – lowest part of benthos; deep-sea hydrothermal vents help chemoautotrophic organisms.

  20. Abyssal zone http://206.110.20.50/web/schuh/students/jonathan/Monsters/MonstersofthDeep/seaslug.JPG

  21. Terrestrial biomes • Defined vertically from the canopy at top to the permafrost at the bottom. • ATropical forest – little light reaches ground because of deep canopy. • Rainfall determines life in area.

  22. Tropical Forest In Madagascar http://www.hort.cornell.edu/mudge/bneimark/SC%202.jpg

  23. BSavanna – scattered trees and grasses. • Fire helps increase diversity. • Has rainy season. • CTemperate grassland – seasonal drought, fires prevent tree growth. • Most used for farming.

  24. Savanna http://www.plantzafrica.com/vegetation/vegimages/savanna3.jpg

  25. Grasslands http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/Images/picgrassland.jpg

  26. DDeserts – sparse rain, some are cold. • Plants have structures to allow survival (i.e. water storage, alternative forms of photosynthesis) • EChaparral – evergreen shrub; long, hot, dry summers with fires.

  27. Desert http://pangea.stanford.edu/~hsiao/desert.jpg

  28. Chaparral http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/semiaridgrasslands92rw.jpg

  29. FTemperate deciduous forest – small mammals, leaves fall during autumn. • GConiferous forest – cone-bearing trees, trees have needles. • HTundra – permafrost covers ground, low diversity.

  30. Deciduous forest http://www.ccet.ua.edu/hhmi/images/Autumn.JPG

  31. Coniferous forest http://www3.newberry.org/k12maps/module_07/images/coniferous.jpg

  32. Tundra http://photojunkie.ca/photoblog/tundra.jpg

  33. http://www.hesd.k12.ca.us/resource/biomes/Biome%20map.gif

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