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Faculty of Engineering Technology & Research. Isroli, Afwa . . Modern tools. Introduction to GPS Remote sensing geographic information system. INTRODUCTION TO GPS:.
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Faculty of Engineering Technology & Research. Isroli, Afwa.
Modern tools Introduction to GPS Remote sensing geographic information system
INTRODUCTION TO GPS: • THE GPS IS A WORLDWIDE RADIO-NAVIGATION SYSTEM FORMED FROM A CONSTELLATION OF 24 SATELITES AND THEIR GROUNFD STATIONS. • SATELITE BASED POSITIONING SYSTEM ARE GENERALLY USED FOR NAVIGATION PURPOSE AND ALSO FIND APPLICATION IN SURVEYING. • THE GPS ENABLES THE USER TO LOCATE HIS/HER POSITION IN THREE DIMENSIONS AS WELL AS WITH RESPECT TO TIME. • THE GPS IS COMPRISED OF THREE SEGMENT: • SATELITE CONSTELLATION CALLEDSPACE SEGMENTS. • GROUND CONTROL CALLED OPERATIONAL CONTROL SEGMENT. • USER RECEVING EQUIPMENT CALLED USER EQUIPMWNT SEGMENT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GPS: • FOR THE PURPOSE OF DISCUSSION, WE DESCRIBE THE GPS RUN BY THE US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE. • THE SYSTEM HAS A MINIMUM OF 24 SATELLITES.
SATELLITE CONSTELLATION: • THE SATELLITES ARE PLACED IN ORBITS SUCH THAT THERE ARE 6 ORBITS HAVING 4 SATELLITES. • EACH ONE NEEDS TO RECEIVE SIGNALS FROM AT LEAST FOUR SATELLITES TO UNIQUETLY DETERMINE THE POSITION OF THE USER.
GPS RECEIVERS • GPS RECEIVERS HAVE GREATLY IMOROVED IN DESIGN AND ELECTRONICS. • HEAVY RECEIVERS. • HAND-HELD RECEIVERS. • REAL TIME KINEMATIC TECHNIQUE (RTK) • IN RTK A REFERENCE RECEIVER IS PLACED AT A POINT OF KNOEN COORDINATES.
USES & APPLICATION • SOME OF THE USES AND APPLICATION, GLOBAL, REGIONAL, & LOCAL ARE AS FOLLOWS. USES & APPLICATION NAVIGATION SURVEYING
NAVIGATION: • MARINE AND AIR NAVIGATION. • MILITARY AND CIVILIANCE. • THE REGIONAL APPLICATIONS OF GPS INCLUDE: • EXPLORATION • TRANSPORTATION • MANAGEMENT • STRUCTURAL MONITORING • VARIOUS TYPES OF AUTOMATION. • AS A LOCAL APPLICATION: • BERTHING & DOCKING OF LARGE VESSLES. • FOR APPROACHES TO AIRPORTS & HARBOURS, DIFFERENTIAL GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (DGPS) HAS BEEN DEVELOPED. • AIRPORT CONTROL.
SURVEYING: • TO LOCATE POSITIONS • FOR SURVEYING WORKS • SINCE GPS RECEIVERS NEED TO RECEIVE SIGNALS FROM SATELLITES, IT IS CLEAR THAT THE GROUND EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE PLACED SUCH THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO RECEIVE SIGNALS FROM SATELLITES, • NOW A DAYS GPS IS FINDING ITS WAY INTO CARS, BOATS, PLANES, CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MOVIE MAKING GEAR, FARM MACHINERY,LAPTOP COMPUTERS ETC. • SOON GPS WILL BECOME ALMOST AS BASIC AS THE TELEPHONE.
REMOTE SENSING: • REMOTE SENSING MEANS ACQURING INFORMATION OF OBJECTS FROM A DITANCE. • SOME OF THE EX. ARE SHOWN ABOVE: • HUMAN EYE • SIGHT • SMELL • HEARING • BIRDS EYE • REMOTE SENSING OCCURS AT A DISTANCE FROM THE OBJECT.
DEFINITION OF REMOTE SENSING • REMOTE SENSING IS THE SCIENCE AND ART OF OBTAINING INFORMATION ABOUT AN OBJECT. AREA OR PHENOMENON THROUGH AN ANALYSIS OF THE DATA ACQUIRED BY A DEVICE WHICH IS NOT IN CONTACT. • COLLECTING AND INTERPRETING INFORMATION. • WITHOUT BEING IN PHYSICAL CONTACT. • REMOTE SENSING IS THE METHODOLOGY EMPLOYED TO STUDY FROM A DITANCE THE PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OBJECTS.
REMOTE SENSING:ART & SCIENCE • REMOTE SENSING IS A TOOL SIMILAR TO MATHEMATICS. • THE TERM REMOTE SENSING IS RESTRICTED TO METHODS THAT EMPLOY ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY AS MEANS OF DETDCTING AND MEASURING TARGET CHARACTERISTICS. • AIRCRARFTS AND SATELLITE ARE THE COMMON PLATFORMS USED FOR REMOTE SENSING.
CLASSIFICATION OF REMOTE SENSING. • REMOTE SENSING IS BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO TWO CATEGORIES. CLASSIFICATION ACTIVE PASSIVE
REMOTE SENSING PROCESS • THE ENERGY SOURCE • INTERACTION OF ENERGY WITH ATMOSPHERE • INTERACTION OF ENERGY WITH TARGET • RECORDING OF ENERGY BY SENSOR • TRANSMISSION, RECEPTION AND PROCESSING • INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS • APPLICATION.
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING. • SOME OF THE APPLICATION AREASNNARE: • AGRICULTURE • FORESTRY • ENVIRONMENT • COSTAL MAPPING • MARINE APPLICATION • URBAN ENVIRONMENT • LAND & WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT • GEOLOGY • LAND USE • INFORMATION
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM • GIS IS A DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM THAT PROVIDES MANY FACILITIES FOR SURVEYOURS AND PLANERS. • GIS IS A COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WHICH COLLECTS &STORE SPATIALLY REFERENCED DATANNWITH OTHER RELEVANT ATTRIBUTES & ENABLES US TO MANIPULATE,ANALYSE & DISPLAY IN SUITABLE FORMATS, SUCH DATA CAN BE USED FOR VARIOUS PLANNING AND DESIGN PUPOSE.
OBJECTIVE OF THE GIS • TO COLLECT, ANALYSE AND MANIPULATESPATIAL DATA. • TO PRODUCE MAPS &OTHER PRODUCTS IN STANDARDIZED FORMATES FOR DIFFERENT USES. • TO SUPPLY INFORMATION IN USEFUL FORMATS FOR LOGICAL DECISION MAKING FOR PLANNERS. • TO SUPPORT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES USING SPATIAL AS WELL AS NON-SPATIAL DATA.
DEFINATION OF GIS • GIS MAY BE DEFINED AS A COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM WHICH ATTEMPTS TO CAPTURE,STORE, MANIPULATE, ANALYSE AND DISPLAY SPATIALLY REFERENCED & ASSOCIATED ATTRIBUTE DATA FOR SOLVING COMPLEX RESEARCH, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS.
KEY COMPONENTS OF GIS • HARDWARE • SOFTWARE • PEOCEDURE • DATA • USERS
FUNCTION OF GIS • FOR ANY APPLICATION, THERE ARE 5 GENERIC QUESTIONS THAT GIS CAN ANSWERS. • WHAT IS AT.............? • WHERE IS IT.............? • WHAT HAS CHANGED................? • WHAT SPATIAL PATTERNS EXIST............? • WHAT IF...........?
APPLICATION OF GIS • SURVEYING & MAPPING ARE THE PRIMARY AREASNN OF GIS APPLICATION. • RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT & DESIGB OF PUBLIC UTILITY SERVICES ARE AREAS WHERE GIS CAN OLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE.
LIST OF APPLICATIONS OF GIS • ENGINEERING MAPPING • AUTOMATED PHOTOGRAMMETRY • TAX MAPPING • HIGHWAY MAPPING • FACILITY MAPPING • CENSUS MAPPING, WELL LOG DATA MAPPING • LAND USE PLANNING • ENVIRONMENT IMPACT STUDIES • NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT-FOREST, AGICULTURE ETC • ROTING-HIGHWAY,PIPELINES • URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING.
