United Arab Emirates University Faculty of Engineering Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Graduation P

1. United Arab Emirates University Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Civil & Environmental EngineeringGraduation Project II Final Presentation Mohammad Al-Ahbabi 200516342 Salem Al-Shamisi 200515579 Naser Al-Harsousi 200415588 Saeed Al-Ahbabi 200540627

2. Urban Sprawl and Risk Mapping Using Spatial Techniques

3. Agenda • Executive summary • Introduction • Background literature and market survey • Elements of urban planning • Spatial data, acquisition, and analysis • Conceptual design • Cost Estimation and Ethics • Project Management

4. Executive Summary • Urban sprawl refers to the extent of urbanization, which is a global phenomenon mainly driven by population growth and large scale migration. • Urban planners require information related to the rate of growth, pattern, and extent of sprawl. • Pattern and extent of sprawl could be modeled with the help of spatial and temporal data. • The objective of this project is the selection of areas suitable for urban sprawl in un-built areas satisfy a variety of conditions around Al-Ain city

5. Executive Summary

6. Problem Statement and Purpose • Al Ain is located at approximately 24 03' N to 24 22' N and 55 28' E to 55 53' E. The development of Al Ain is historically witnessed from earlier civilizations (3000 BC) in Al Hili and JabelHafeet .

7. Problem Statement and Purpose • An indication of Al-Ain’s development can be seen from the general increase in population, human requirements and infrastructure. • For example, daily consumption of water increased from 1.17 to 48.7 million gallons between 1975 and 1999. • The city has achieved two international awards on development and landscaping, the first in Spain (1996) and the second in the USA (2000).

8. Problem Statement and Purpose Objective The objectives of this project is to design the necessary spatial analysis processes that can be used in the UAE and Al-Ain in particular to model, analyze and establish a decision-making framework for future urban sprawl.

9. Intended Outcomes Intended Outcomes and Deliverables • A complete process framework that outlines urban sprawl analysis leading to vital decisions concerning urban expansion utilizing spatial techniques. • A set of hardcopy maps produced for the area of study that visualizes the input layers, intermediate analysis, and final output based on which decisions are taken. • This final report which has a structure as summarized in the following subsection.

10. Summary of Achievements in GP I • Learn basic principles of Geodesy: • Earth shape modeling • Datums and coordinates systems • Principles of GPS and point collection • Principles of Remote Sensing • Study the principles of urban planning • Spatial data collection missions: Visits to many government and private stakeholders • Prepare and train on needed software: • Digital image processing • Online dataset downloaders • Enter the datasets into the GIS software • AutoCAD and ArcGIS interaction

11. Conceptual Design

12. Conceptual Design

13. Updated Background Theory

14. Updated Background Theory Urban Sprawl in UAE • UAE population has approximately increased 7.4 times from 1975 to 2005, from around 0.556 million at the beginning of 1975 to nearly 4.1 million at the end of 2005. • This abnormal growth is mainly caused by urban expansion that destabilizes the balance between natural resources and the morphological characteristics of each region. • The growth of cities in the U.A.E has been driven by increasing urban population.

15. Why Cities in the UAE Sprawling ?

16. Urban Sprawl and GIS • Understanding urban sprawl phenomenon and its pattern helps in planning for effective natural resource utilization and provision of infrastructure facilities. • The built-up areas are generally considered as the parameter for quantifying urban sprawl. • The increasing demands in urban planning and management sectors requires the coordination of Remote sensing and Geographic Information System(GIS). • This helps in evolving efficient and economical models for development and location of industries, education, housing, water supply, service facility and disposal system etc.

17. Stages of Urban Planning • Thematic map preparation from satellite data using visual interpretation techniques. • Generation of spatial framework in GIS environment for perspective and development plans. • Integration of thematic maps using GIS techniques for urban sprawl analysis and urban land use change analysis. • Area required for urbanization will be determined on the basis of population projection of the city and its growth centers.

18. Stages of Urban Planning • Projection of urban land use suitability analysis. • Urban environmental sensitivity analysis based upon both physical as well as air quality parameters. • Determination of various amenities such as educational, medical, recreational etc.

19. Urban Planning Surveys The process of collecting relevant data is called a planning survey, which consist of the following components: 1- Preparation of Base Map, 2- Existing land use survey, 3- Utilities and the Services survey, 4- Community facilities survey 5- Sample household survey for collecting essential data.

20. Spatial Data, Acquisition, and Preprocessing

21. Spatial Data, Acquisition, and Preprocessing • Many types of spatial data are required to implement the spatial analysis. • Collection of the following datasets for Al-Ain city: • High resolution satellite images (Ikonos, Hotbird, etc.), • Satellite image clips from Google Earth • Orthophotos • Digital maps in the form of geodatabases ready to run on ArcGIS software.

22. Spatial Data, Acquisition, and Preprocessing List of required data

23. Spatial Data, Acquisition, and Preprocessing Inventory of the data requirements and sources of information. • No spatial data was available at the CEE department. Other sources of data:

24. Available Equipment • Traditional surveying equipment including automatic levels, leveling rods, digital theodolites, total stations • Professional-grade two hand-held GPS receivers with correction beacons. • One dual frequency real time kinematics (RTK) GPS receiver. • Desktop computer.

25. Available Software • Proprietary software for geodetic processing • Universal Map Downloader • Google Earth Professional • ABBYY Screenshot Reader • GIMP: Generic Image Processing Package • ArcGIS • AutoCAD

26. Data Required for Base Map • No high resolution satellite images were possible to get. • Instead, we used a software called Universal Map Downloader to download our map from Google Earth. • Still, we need control points to georeference this combined image. We’ll use GPS to collect necessary control.

27. Base Map of Al-Ain City Combined Satellite Image

28. GPS Data Collection Objectives: to collect a set of control points that will help in georeferencing of satellite imagery base map. Al-Ain Satellite Map Layer with other data

29. GPS System Overview GPS A constellation of earth-orbiting satellites maintained by the united states government for the purpose of defining geographic positions on and above the surface of the earth. It consists of three segments: • Space segment • Control segment • Users segment

30. GPS Data Collection • We Used Trimble GeoXH GPS with Terrasync software to collect data points. • GeoXH provides 10-30 cm accuracy under good conditions.

31. GPS Data Collection Plan a set of well-distributed points all over Al-Ain city.

32. GPS Data Collection

33. Field Mission Snapshots

34. Image Georeferencing and Rectification • Rectification is the process of transforming the data from one grid system into another using a geometric transformation. • Georeferencing: Georeferencing refers to the process of assigning map coordinates to image data. • The method of georeferencing must be: • Unique, linking information to exactly one location • Shared, so different users understand the meaning of a georeference • Persistent through time, so today’s georeferences are still meaningful tomorrow

35. Ground Control Points Using the measure GCPs coordinates to rectify the image to the real coordinates. The GCPs are marked with a red dot. Exact locations of GCPs

36. Procedure of Georeferencing • 2-Click the Layer dropdown arrow and click orthorecified.img. • 1-Click the View menu, point to Toolbars, and click Georeferencing. • 3-Click the Add Control Points button on the Georeferencing toolbar. • 4-Define the source point on the image and right mouse input the destination coordinates. • 5-Repeat the last step for all GCP points.

37. Spatial Data Collection • Tedious attempts to get the required data. • No clear rules and practices on distributing spatial data. • Some data collected from Al-Ain Municipality… Discarded later due to its limited coverage …  • Some data collected from Al-Ain Distribution Company… Discarded later due to its limited coverage …  • We need Data!!

38. The Jackpot: Spatial Data from AD Urban Planning Council • We set an appointment with the GIS section at Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council through a UAEU graduate student. The meeting was a success and they supported us with a valuable set of spatial data covering Al-Ain city as a whole , late, but better late than never. • They Provided us with: Al-Ain Basemap Al-Ain Planning Al-Ain Utilities Al-Ain Land Al-Ain Raster DEM

39. Spatial Data from AD Urban Planning Council

40. Manual Data Collection • Not all spatial data come in digital format. • Some data sets have to be digitized from hardcopy maps or other types of information (text and tables). Digitization of: • Build-up areas • Water table information

41. Procedure of on Screen Digitizing • New layer of Built-up areas • New layer of water-table distribution

42. Spatial Analysis Introduction • A key benefit of geographic information systems (GIS) is the ability to apply spatial operators to GIS data to derive new information. Some of the functions of the ArcGis is: • Derive new information • Identify spatial relationships • Find suitable locations • Calculate travel cost • Work with all cell-based GIS data

43. Spatial Analysis Identity Developable Land • Land must in empty area, i.e. not a built up area. • Land must between 250-300m elevations. • Land must has a slope 5-10%. • Land must be less than 1 km from main roads. • Land must be 500 m from land marks.

44. Spatial Analysis ArcGIS Procedure • Extraction of the slopes and elevation as raster sets from DEM • Start ArcMap • Add data of: DEM • Save DEM as new image named elevations • Display the symbology in 5 classes. • Add spatial analysis toolbar • Classified Slopes

45. Spatial Analysis ArcGIS Procedure • Convert Land Marks Vector to Raster • Land Marks Raster layer • Land Marks Straight distance • Buffering the transportation 500 m

46. Spatial Analysis ArcGIS Procedure • Convert Buffer Vector to Raster • Road Buffer Raster Layer

47. Spatial Analysis Reclassification • The reclassification functions reclassify or change cell values to alternative values using a variety of methods. • The functions are designed to allow you to easily change many values on an input raster to desired, specified, or alternative values. • All reclassification methods are applied to each cell within a zone.

48. Spatial Analysis Reclassification of Raster data • Built-up Layer • Elevations layer • Slope layer • Land mark layer • Roads buffer layer

49. Spatial Analysis Example of reclassifying all raster layers Slope layer Roads buffer layer Elevations layer Land mark layer Built-up Layer

50. Spatial Analysis The Raster Calculator • Lets you build expressions to process raster layers • Type Map Algebra syntax, build expressions that weight rasters and combine them as part of a suitability model, make selections on your data in the form of queries, or apply mathematical operators and other functions.