United Arab Emirates University College of Engineering Graduation Projects Unit Graduation Project II

1. United Arab Emirates University College of Engineering Graduation Projects Unit Graduation Project II Analysis and Design of highway Bridge Superstructures Advisor: Dr. Bilal El Ariss Graduation Project Code: CEM1-8 Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of the B.Sc. Degree in Civil & Environmental Engineering Team Members:ID#: Adel Salem AlNeaimi 200304511 Rashed Mohammed Al-Yammahi 200106062 Aamer Ibrahim Basaeed 200417377 Omar Hader AlShammari 200304504 Second semester 2008-2009

2. Acknowledgments: • Our Deepest thanks and gratitude goes to: • Dr. Bilal El-Ariss “Project Advisor”. • Graduation Projects Unit at the UAE University.

3. Presentation Contents: Project Objectives. Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Pier Cap Analysis. Chapter 3: Bridge Components Design. Conclusion.

4. Project Objectives: Fundamental Concepts of Bridges Engineering. Problem Identifying & Possible Solution. Use of Codes and Specifications. Use of Computer Analysis & Design Tools.

5. Chapter 1 Introduction

6. Introduction: - Problem Description. -Graduation Project Overview.

7. Problem Description: • Development of Dubai has become a place full of shopping mall , luxury building and hotels. • Development increases the population of Dubai. • Population growth causes problems in the infrastructural. • Traffic congestion has become one of the most critical issues in Dubai.

8. Problem Description: • Roads & Transport Authority are working hard to solve this problem by spending three billion dirhams. • Bridges seems to be the most suitable solution for the traffic congestion problems in Dubai. • As future engineers who eager to contribute for the community we decide to make our graduation project about “Analysis and Design of highway Bridge Superstructures”.

9. Specifications of our Bridge: AL Maktom Bridge is considered as one of the most important bridges in Dubai as it crosses Dubai Creek to connect Bur Dubai with Deira Dubai. Al Maktom bridge is 6 lanes wide, with a capacity of 9000 vehicles per hour (at peak flow). Our suggestion for the new bridge will be 520 meters long and 14 lanes wide, with a capacity of 16000 vehicles per hour (at peak flow).

11. Graduation Project overview: Highway Concrete Bridge (Analysis & Design) First Semester Second Semester Literature Review Analysis of pier caps AASHTO Code Review Design of bridge components SAP2000 software Seminars Analysis of bridge components Bridge Deck (Slab) Bridge Girders Design of Bridge Slab (Deck) Design of Bridge Girder Design of Bridge Pier Cap

12. Chapter 2 Pier Cap Analysis

13. Pier Cap Analysis: - Pier Cap Literature Review. - Pier Cap Analysis Concept . - Pier Cap Analysis Calculations &Results.

14. Pier Cap Literature Review: • Definition: Pier cap is the structural element that transfer the load form the superstructure elements to the substructure elements, located at the junction of two spans .

15. Pier Cap (Types & Specifications): Pier Cap Literature Review: • Pier caps can come in different types like: • Single column (Hammerhead). • Solid Wall. • Multi-column or pile bent. • The selection of the pier type depends on: • Required load capacity. • Superstructure Geometry. • Site conditions. • Cost Consideration. • Aesthetics.

16. 1- Single Column (Hammerhead)

17. 2- Solid Wall

18. 3- Multi-Column or Pile Bent

19. Pier Cap Literature Review: • Information to be identified from analysis process: • Preliminary pier dimensions. • Applied load form superstructure. • Pier dead load. • Pier live load. • Material properties.

20. Girder Reactions Live Load on Bridge Deck Pier Own Weight Pier Cap Analysis Concept:

21. Pier Cap General View

22. Pier Cap Analysis Concept: Pier Own Weight Girder Reactions & Live Load on Bridge Deck

23. Pier Own Weight Calculation: • Minimum Height of Concrete Structure:

24. Pier Own Weight Calculation • Pier height: • Pier Width: • For the design purpose, we increased the section dimension in order to fit the calculated steel ratio between the limits. The pier caps used dimensions are: • Pier height: h= 2.3 m • Pier Width: w= 1 m

25. Pier Own Weight Calculation • Cross section area: • Pier own weight:

26. Dead loads on Pier Caps: Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 7 Frame 8 Frame 9 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Abutment 1 Pier 1 Abutment 2 Pier 2 Pier 3 Pier 4 Pier 5 Pier 6 Pier 7 Pier 8 Girder line model in SAP2000. Girders reactions on pier cap (section over the entire length of the bridge).

27. Dead loads on Pier Caps: Maximum dead load for each pier.

28. Live Load Cases: • According to the AASHTO standards, there are different live load scenarios that should be studied in order to obtain the maximum possible live load: • Case (1): Full Shift Left

29. Live Load Cases: • Case (2): Full Shift Right

30. Live Load Cases: • Case (3): One Middle

31. Live Load Cases: • Case (4): One Left

32. Live Load Cases Calculation

33. Live Load Cases Result

34. Pier Cap Analysis Concept: Pier Own Weight Girder Reactions & Live Load on Bridge Deck

35. Pier Caps Analysis Results

36. Chapter 3 Bridge Components Design

37. Bridge Components Design: - Design of Bridge Slab (Deck). - Design of Bridge Girder. - Design of Bridge Pier Cap.

38. Bridge Deck (Slab) Design • Design Concept & theory • Slab Analysis Results • Manual Calculation • Bottom Reinforcements • Top Reinforcements • Discussion

39. Design Concept & theory • Design of Rectangle Section Involves two cases: • Case 1:Unrestricted sectional Dimensions. • Assume steel ratio (ρ)min ≤ ρ ≤ (ρ)max . • Determine concrete dimensions accordingly (b,d & h). • Case 2: Pre-determined sectional dimensions. • Determine area of steel (As ) from given dimensions. • Ensure that (As)min ≤ As ≤ (As)max.

40. Design Concept & theory • Design of RC Section Requires Determination of: • Concrete Dimensions: • Beam width ( b ). • Depth of steel reinforcement ( d ). • Section height ….h = d + cover-to-center of steel. • Area of steel reinforcement ( As ). • Ensure safety requirements ( As )min ≤ As ≤ ( As )max.

41. Design Concept & theory • Determine steel ratio (ρ): • Using ACI Equation

42. Design Concept & theory • Check ACI Safety Requirements: • Methods to determine ρmin . 1. ACI Equations. 2. Tables (B8 – B10) from Appendix B (R-Sections Only). • Methods to determine ρmax 1. ACI Equations 2. Table B7 (R-Sections Only)

43. Design Concept & theory • Methods to determine ρmin . • ACI Equations. 2. Tables (B8 – B10) from Appendix B (R-Sections Only).

44. Design Concept & theory • Methods to determine ρmax . • ACI Equations. 2. Table (B8) from Appendix B (R-Sections Only).

45. Design Concept & theory Important Notes: If you find ρ < ρmin then, choose ρmin . If you find ρ > ρmax Increase Section Depth OR Add Compression Steel

46. Design Concept & theory Calculate Area of steel: Determine number of steels bars = As/Dia. of Bar Check available width and steel distribution.

47. Design of Rect. Section • STEP 1: Assume bar size and then determine db. • STEP 2: Assume cover. • STEP 3: Compute depth of steel reinforcement ( d ) • STEP 4: Determine ( ρ) from Tables or ACI Equation. • STEP 5: Ensure that ρmin ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax. • STEP 6: Determine As.

48. 25.69 16.27 16.89 25.69 7.27 16.89 16.27 16.54 16.33 16.33 16.54 7.27 11.07 13.63 13.71 13.40 14.57 13.40 13.63 13.66 11.07 14.57 13.71 Slab Ultimate Moment Values

49. 200 Bottom Reinforcements Assume Bar size # 16

50. Bottom Reinforcements